- A polymer made of nucleotides which transfers genetic material from DNA to ribosomes - ribosomes made of protein and another type of RNA - 3rd type involved in protein synthesis

Biological Molecules : Neuclotides + Water Flashcards by Stephy Thomas

What are nucleic acids ?

Group of the most important molecules

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Best known nucleic acids

RNA and DNA

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What does RNA stand for ?

Ribonucleic acid

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What does DNA stand for ?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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What makes DNA recognisable ?

Double helix structure

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What is a polynucleotide ?

Strand of DNA or RNA made from mononucleotides

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Nucleotide structure: 3 components

pentose sugar
phosphate group
a nitrogen containing organic base

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Nucleotide structure: How are the 3 components joined ?

Condensation reaction to form.a mononucleotid e

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Nucleotide structure: Bond when 2 mononucleotides join ?

Phosphodiester bond

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Nucleotide structure: order of nucleotides

Mononucleotides + dinucleotide + polynucleotide

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RNA : What is RNA ?

A polymer made of nucleotides which transfers genetic material from DNA to ribosomes
ribosomes made of protein and another type of RNA
3rd type involved in protein synthesis

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RNA : Bases

Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

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RNA : Pentose sugar

Ribose

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DNA : who worked out the structure of DNA ?

James Watson and Francis Crick

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DNA : Whose work did crick and Watson follow ?

Rosalind franklin

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DNA : Bases

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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DNA : pentose sugar

Deoxyribose

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DNA : What is DNA made of ?

Double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains joined by hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases

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Base pairing : specific pairing

A-T

G-C

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Base pairing : Adenine is said to be ….. to thymine

Complimentary

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Double helix : how is it formed ?

Uprights of phosphate and deoxyribose wind around

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Function : phosphodiester backbone

Prevents organic bases reacting with the environment

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Function : Long molecule

Store lots of information

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Function : Double helix

Makes DNA compact

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Function : Weak H bonds join base pairings

Easily broken for DNA replication

Function : Double stranded

Allow replication from template strands to occur

Function : Base sequence

Allows information to be stored

Function : Base stacking

Makes DNA stable

How is DNA replicated

1. dna helical causes strands separate when H bonds break 2. both strands act as templates 3. free nucleotides attract and H bonds reform to complimentary base pairings 4. DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides 5. semi conservative replication ( one old an one new)

Cell division : nuclear division

Nucleus divides (mitosis/meiosis)

Cell division : Cytokinesis

Whole cell divides

Cell division : What should happen before nucleus divides

DNA replication

Semi conservative replication : 4 requirements

1. 4 types of nucleotide with bases 2. both dna strands to act as a template 3. enzyme DNA polymerase 4. source of chemical energy

Who conformed the semi conservative model

Meselson and stahl

What are the 3 models

Fully conservative . Semi conservative and dispersive model

Proof it was semi conservative

2 bands formed : lighter N14 and heavier N14 and N15 mixed

ATP : What does it stand for ?

Adenosine triphosphate

Main energy source to carry out processes in cells

ATP

Uses of ATP

1. provide energy for processes like a.t | 2. add phosphates to other substances to make them more reactive

Structure of ATP : 3 parts

Adenine Ribose 3 phosphates

ATP storing energy:describe bonds between phosphate groups

Unstable so they have a low activation energy = easily broken

ATP storing energy : what happens when bond is broken between phosphate groups

Removal of last phosphate releases energy

Releasing energy (ATP) : equation

ATP + H20 = ADP + Pi

Releasing energy (ATP) : equation (Pi)

Inorganic phosphate (doesn’t contain carbon )

Releasing energy (ATP) : what is required to convert ATP to ADP

Water through hydrolysis reaction

Releasing energy (ATP) : which enzyme catalysts the reaction

ATP hydrolase

Synthesis of ATP : what type of reaction is conversion of ATP and ADP

Reversible reaction

Synthesis of ATP : Which enzyme catalyses this reaction

ATP synthase

Synthesis of ATP : What is removed in this reaction

Water

Synthesis of ATP : Condensation or hydrolysis reaction ?

Condensation reaction

Synthesis of ATP : What does synthesis of ATP from DP require

Addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP

Roles of ATP : Why is ATP a better immediate source of energy than glucose

- each atp mol releases less energy so is in more manageable quantities - hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy

Roles of ATP : Why do humans need to make a lot of ATP everyday

ATP cannot be stored and it’s released in small amount so you need a constant supply from mitochondria of cell

Suitable energy for cells : released in small amounts (s)

Less energy wasted as heat

Suitable energy for cells : Doesn’t leave cell (s)

Highly reactive

Suitable energy for cells : soluble in cytoplasm (s)

Most chemical reaction in solution so its more likely to cause a reaction

Suitable energy for cells : Rapidly resynthesised (s)

Only add 1 phosphate

Suitable energy for cells : Instant energy (s)

Only a single reaction where one bond is broken

What is water made up of ?

2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to 1 oxygen atom

Water : polar on non-polar

Polar / dip Olaf

Water : Electric charge ?

Neutral but electrons are not distributed uniformly

Water : attractive force between opposite charges

Hydrogen bond which allow water to stick together

Water : Permanent or non permanent structure

-Not permanent. -bonds break and reform as H20 molecules move around

Water properties : polar

Acts as a good solvent so chemical reactions can occur faster

Water properties : Reactive

Used in hydrolysis reactions

Water properties : High SHC

Acts as a buffer against sudden temperature variations making the environment stable

Water properties : adhesive and cohesive

Movement through xylem

Water importance: metabolism

- break many complex molecules via hydrolysis | - raw material in photosynthesis

Water importance: solvent

Readily dissolves in other substances

Other water properties

- transparent | - variable density

Inorganic ions : iron

Haemoglobin where they transport o2

Inorganic ions : Phosphate

Structural role in dna and storing ATP molecules

Inorganic ions : H ions

Determining PH of solutions and function of enzymes

Inorganic ions : Sodium

Transport of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes

Similarities between moveenment of water and inorganic ions

- move against a concentration gradient | - both move through (protein) channels in the membrane

Contrast between movement of water and ions

Ions can move against a concentration gradient via a.t.

Biological Molecules : Neuclotides + Water Flashcards

(76 cards)