Biological & Physical Development/ Change

Question 0

In the nature nurture debate nurture is when?

Answer 0

Behaviour is learned

Question 1

Locke in his argument in the nature nurture debate used the key term of?

Answer 1

Tabula rasa - empty slate

Question 2

In the nature nurture debate nature is where?

Answer 2

Natural growth unfolds in a fixed sequence independently of the environment

Question 3

Development begins with the development of?

Answer 3

The fertilisation of the ovum by the sperm- produces a generic heritage

Question 4

What is a zygote?

Answer 4

A one celled organism, produced by Union of sperm and ova.

Question 5

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

Answer 5

Germinal
Embryonic
Foetal

Question 6

What is involved in the germinal stage?

Answer 6

The placenta transports nutrients and waste between the mother to the foetus and screens out harmful substances

Question 7

What happens during the embryonic stage ?

Answer 7

Rapid development of major organs

Question 8

By the end of the embryonic stage what develops?

Answer 8

Eyes, ears, nose, lips, mouth, hands, fingers, legs, arms, feet and toes

Question 9

During the foetal stage what happens?

Answer 9

Eyelids open and regular breathing (6 months)

Respond to light & touch and learning occurs (8 months)

Question 10

What are teratogens?

Answer 10

External substances that can penetrate the placenta resulting in death or defects

Question 11

When is the critical period during prenatal development?

Answer 11

The period of rapid growth development- embryonic stage

Question 12

What are 5 examples of types of teratogens?

Answer 12

Maternal illnesses 
Maternal drug and alcohol use 
Maternal nutrition 
Environmental toxins 
Emotional stress

Question 13

What are two types of results that can come from teratogens?

Answer 13

FASD- foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Thalidomide

Question 14

Does the infant grow radidly or slowly?

Answer 14

Rapidly - at 2 50% of adult height and 20% of adult weight

Question 15

What is newborn vision like?

Answer 15

Blurry

Can see large things close range

Question 16

When does depth perception develop in infants?

Answer 16

7 months

Question 17

What is newborn hearing like?

Answer 17

Poor

Can hear soft tones

Question 18

What sounds do babies prefer?

Answer 18

Rising tones

High pitched and expressive

Question 19

What’s newborns smell like?

Answer 19

Similar to adults but less acute

Question 20

What smells do babies prefer?

Answer 20

Flowers
Mother
Dislike ammonia smells

Question 21

What are the 2 types of motor development?

Answer 21

Gross motor

Fine motor

Question 22

What are the 2 principles that guide motor development?

Answer 22

Cephalocaudal trend

Proximidistal trend

Question 23

Cephalocaudal trend refers to which direction of motor development?

Answer 23

Head to foot

Question 24

Proximodistal trend refers to which direction of motor development?

Answer 24

Centre outward (trunk to extremities)

Question 25

What are reflexes?

Answer 25

Involuntary Unlearned Motor behaviours Responses to external stimuli

Question 26

What are 7 types of newborn reflexes?

Answer 26

``` Tonic neck Grasp Step Crawl Palmer grasp Rooting - suckling Moro - flapping wings ```

Question 27

When do reflexes disappear?

Answer 27

3 months (when voluntary muscle control starts)

Question 28

What is Gesell known for?

Answer 28

Suggesting motor abilities develop spontaneously in the same order at the same rate - MATURATION

Question 29

What is the median age to develop the ability for lifting your head ?

Answer 29

2 weeks

Question 30

What is the median age to develop the ability for rolling over?

Answer 30

2.5 months

Question 31

What is the median age to develop the ability for sitting?

Answer 31

5.5 months

Question 32

What is the median age to develop the ability for standing alone?

Answer 32

11.5 months

Question 33

What is the median age to develop the ability for waking along?

Answer 33

12.5 months

Question 34

When does the rate of development between boys and girls start to differ?

Answer 34

Pre- puberty - girls have a growth spurt

Question 35

When should a child have developed he ability to cut with scissor?

Answer 35

Age 4

Question 36

What growth percentage is the brain at age 6?

Answer 36

90%

Question 37

When do the brain develop from being 90% to 100% and why is this period important?

Answer 37

Middle childhood Plasticity

Question 38

What system of the body regulated the hormonal changes seen through puberty?

Answer 38

The endocrine system

Question 39

The onset of menstruation in women is called?

Answer 39

Menarche

Question 40

The first ejaculating of Stern in makes is called?

Answer 40

Spermarche

Question 41

How long do puberty changes take to complete?

Answer 41

2/4 years

Question 42

What is secular trend and who suggested it?

Answer 42

The decrease in the age of menarchy Increase in growth rate Increase in height Over the years Tanner

Question 43

What had caused secular trend?

Answer 43

Improved nutritian & sanitation | Childcare

Question 44

What the 3 modena that account for effects of pubertal timing?

Answer 44

Deviance hypothesis Stage termination hypothesis Adult status hypothesis

Question 45

What are the 4 dimensions of body image?

Answer 45

Weight Muscularity Body strength Shape and size

Question 46

What is the most common original change in middle adulthood?

Answer 46

Loss of sensory sharpness: Hearing loss Less sensitive to light Far sighted Ness

Question 47

during menopause what happens to bone mass?

Answer 47

Decreases

Question 48

What happens to hones during middle adulthood?

Answer 48

Osteoporotic changes - home density decreases - holes in bones like a sponge

Question 49

What make late adults decrease in height?

Answer 49

Thinning of the cartilage between vertebrae

Question 50

What physical changes cause a higher risk of heart disease in late adulthood?

Answer 50

The hardening of arteries and build up of fat on walls

Question 51

What psychical changed happen to the digestive system and the brain in late adulthood?

Answer 51

Slows | Size and flow of blood decreases

Question 52

What are the 5 theories that attempt to account for the physical changes of old age?

Answer 52

``` Evolutionary Cellular clock Free-radical Mitochondrial Hormonal stress ```

Question 53

The evolutionary theory on old age suggests that?

Answer 53

Natural selection had not eliminated no adaptive characteristics in older adults

Question 54

Natural selection is linked to __________ fitness which is only present in earlier life = negative ageing effects when older because less ______ fitness

Answer 54

Reproductive

Question 55

Evolutionary theorists say that if Alzheimer's disease occurred earlier in life it might have been?

Answer 55

Eliminated

Question 56

Cellular clock theory was discussed by who?

Answer 56

Hayflick

Question 57

Hayflicks cellular clock theory States that cells can divide a maximum of how many times?

Answer 57

75-80

Question 58

75-80 is the what number?

Answer 58

Hay flick

Question 59

What are telomeres?

Answer 59

DNA sequence that cap chromosomes- each time cell divides the telomeres become shorter

Question 60

What happens to cells when they can no longer reproduce?

Answer 60

Die

Question 61

What is the free radical theory?

Answer 61

When cells that include unstable oxygen molecules bounce around and damage DNa and cell structures that leads to disorder

Question 62

Free radical theory supports what sort of diet ?

Answer 62

Low calorie

Question 63

What are mitochondria?

Answer 63

Tiny bodies within cells that supply energy for cell function growth and repair

Question 64

Mitochondrial theory suggests?

Answer 64

The decay in mitchindria leads to agony which is cause by oxidative damage by free radicals

Question 65

Why is the research surrounding mitochondrial theory undecided?

Answer 65

Not known if defeats cause aging or simply accompany ageing

Question 66

What happens in hormonal stress theory

Answer 66

Body releases hormones when stressed and causes fight or flight Prologued stress levels increase disease