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Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

Michael Apted’s series 7-up uses what sort of study design?

A

Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential

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1
Q

What are the 3 areas that affect age-related change?

A 
Universal (biology) 
Group specific (cohort effect- historically or culturally based) 
Individual differences (unique)
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2
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a sequential design?

A

Fast and inexpensive / reveals age related change
Cohort effect influences findings
Reveals little about individual change

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal designs?

A

Demonstrate a sequence of change
Avoids cohort effect and maps individual change

costly / practice effects (learned from doing many times)

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4
Q

Psychological tests as methods of research collection can be either…

A

Objective or

projective

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5
Q

Disadvantages of surveys

A

Socially desirable responding

Volunteer bias

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6
Q

Examples of types of physiological measures include:

A

Blood tests

Neuroimaging- fMRI- electromagnetic waves to construct images of the brains biochemical activity

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7
Q

What are the four primary groups of psychological theories that explain development?

A

Psychodynamic
Behaviourist
Cognitive
Biological

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8
Q

Who are the two psychodynamic theorists?

A

Freud

Erikson

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9
Q

Who are the two main behaviourist theorists?

A

Skinner

Bandits

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10
Q

Who are the two main cognitive theorists?

A

Piaget and Kohlberg

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11
Q

Who are the two main biological theorists?

A

Chomsky

Bowlby

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12
Q

How did Freud think the mind was divided ?

A

Into the Id, the Ego and the Superego

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13
Q

What were two of the main focuses of Freud?

A

Unconscious defence mechanisms

Dreams

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14
Q

What were the key aspects to Freud’s theory on unconscious defender mechanisms?

A 
Repression 
Denial 
Projection 
Reaction 
Formation 
Sublimation
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15
Q

What were Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
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16
Q

Freud’s Oral stage was between the ages of?

A

Birth - 18 months

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17
Q

Freud’s anal stage was between the ages of?

A

18 months -3/4 years

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18
Q

Freud’s Phallic stage was between the ages of?

A

3/4 years-5/7 years

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19
Q

Freud’s Latent stage was between the ages of?

A

5/7 years - puberty

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20
Q

Freud’s genital stage was at what ages?

A

From puberty onwards

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21
Q

Erik Erikson’s theory was:

A

psychosocial theory

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22
Q

Erikson’s theory included 8 what?

A

Crisis

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23
Q

How many crisis in Erikson’s lifespan theory?

A

8

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24
What prompted the crisis faced by children in Erikson's theory?
Biological changes
25
How were crisis in Erikson's theory resolved?
Through social means
26
Crisis: test vs
Mistrust
27
Crisis: autonomy vs
Shame and doubt
28
Crisis: initiative vs
Inferiority
29
Crisis: identify vs
Role confusion
30
Crisis: generativity vs
Stagnation
31
Crisis: who-integrity vs
Despair
32
If the crisis of trust and mistrust is resolved then what is gained?
Hope
33
If the crisis of autonomy vs shame and doubt is overcome what is gained?
Will
34
If the crisis of initiative vs guilt is overcome what is gained?
Purpose
35
If the crisis of industry vs inferiority is over come what is gained?
Competence
36
If the crisis of initiative vs guilt is overcome what is gained?
Purpose
37
If the crisis of identity vs role confusion is overcome what is gained?
Fidelity
38
If the crisis of intimacy vs isolation is overcome then what is gained?
Love
39
If the crisis of generativity vs stagnation is overcome what is gained?
Care
40
If the crisis of ego-integrity vs despair is overcome what is gained?
Wisdom
41
The principal task of Freud's oral stage is?
Weaning
42
The principal task of Freud's anal stage is?
Toilet-training
43
The principal task of Freud's phallic stage is?
Sexual identity
44
The principal task of Freud's latent stage is?
Learning
45
The principal task of Freud's genital stage is?
Genital intercourse
46
The ages at which a person enters a new crisis in Erikson's theory are?
``` Birth 1 year 3 years 6 years 12 years 18 years 30 years Old age ```
47
Behaviourist theorists include
Pavlov Watson Skinner Bandura
48
The primary constructs of behaviouralism are?
``` Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Reinforcement Observational learning Self-efficacy ```
49
Piagets stages are the?
Cognitive development stages
50
How many cognitive development stages are there in Piagets theory?
4
51
What are the 4 cognitive development stages in Piagets theory?
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational
52
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the sensorimotor stage occurs at the age of and involves?
Birth-2 Reflexes Coordination of reflexes
53
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the Preoperational stage occurs at the age of, and includes?
2-6/7 Self-oriented Egocentric
54
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the concrete operational stage occurs at the age of, and involves?
6/7-11/12 More than 1 point of view No abstract problems Consider some outcomes
55
In Piagets theory of cognitive development the formal operational stage occurs at the age of, and includes?
11/12 and up Abstract thought Theoretical reasoning (Not all people reach this stage)
56
Vygotsky believes that cognitive development is a result of children's interaction with the _________ world rather than the _________ world.
Social | Physical
57
Vygotsky believed that ______ comes before ________!!
Language Before Cognition
58
Vygotsky Believed that children learn to converse with words _________ before they began to ______ with words __________ .
Socially Think Privately
59
Cognitive development is influx end but the language of the child's _________.
Culture
60
Kohlberg focused his studies on?
Moral development
61
Kohlberg suggested that children's understandings of morality are based upon?
Advanced understandings of social justice
62
Kohlbergs theory advances in a stage like manner dependent on
Cognitive development
63
The three levels of Kohlbergs theory of moral development are:
Preconventional morality Conventional morality Post-conventional morality
64
Kohlbergs Post- conventional morality can be divided into two stages:
Punishment/obedience (whatever leads to punishment must be wrong) Rewards (whatever leads to rewards must be right)
65
The two stages of Kohlbergs conventional morality are:
Good intentions (conforming to ways known as good behaviour) Obedience to authority (doing one duty)
66
The two stages within Kohlbergs level of post-conventional morality are:
Difference between moral and legal right (rules should sometimes be broken) Individual principles of conscience (accounts for the affects on everyone)
67
The most concerning moral dilemma in the pre conventional stage is whether:
The behaviour is right or wrong and is therefore rewarded or punished
68
The most important dilemma in conventional morality is:
The view of others and ovoid since of blame/ seeking approval
69
The most important dilemma in the post conventional level of moral development is/
The abstract notion of justice. Rights of others can override obedience to rules/ laws.
70
What was bowlbys theory?
Attachment
71
The main 3 points in Bowlbys theory suggest:
The relationship with caregivers affects subsequent relationships We are biological predisposed to form relationships for survival Early relationships establish mental models to guide ongoing behaviour
72
Levinson was known for?
Developmental research during adulthood and in particular mid life
73
Levinsons theory Adult lives consist of periods of alternation which include:
``` Stable functioning (life structures) and Developmental upheaval (transitions) ```
74
Levinson suggests that ____ ______ and ______ are reevaluated during transitions.
Life goals | Activities
75
Paul Baltes was known for his research in developmental psychology for his focus on :
Balances and losses
76
In later life Baltes suggested that ______ predominate over _______ in latter life.
Losses | Gains
77
Baltes theory suggested that development continues through what 3 processes?
SOC selection Optimisation Compensation
78
SOC stands for In detail?
Selecting - particular abilities Optimising - abilities through practice and new technologies Compensating- for losses of other abilities by finding other ways to accomplish tasks

Life Span Development (10 decks)

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