Emotional & Social Development

Question 1

What is social referencing?

Answer 1

Children using their mothers emotions to guide ambiguous situations?

Question 2

What does infant temperament determine? (2)

Answer 2

type/amount of social interaction

quality of bonds

Question 3

What is temperament?

Answer 3

A style of expressing needs and emotions.

Question 4

What were the 3 temperament patterns suggested by Thomas, Chess and Birch?

Answer 4

Easy (Flexible)
Slow to warm up (Fearful)
Difficult (Feisty)

Question 5

Sanson, Prior & Oberklaid suggested a fourth temperament pattern to easy, slow to wamr up and difficult- what was it?

Answer 5

average

Question 6

What is one explanation that has been supported when predicting temperament?

Answer 6

Cohort effect- environmental factors

Question 7

Mood tone is most likely to be _______ over time.

Answer 7

stable

Question 8

What does goodness of fit refer to?

Answer 8

The degree of overlap between infants temperament and parents image of an ideal child

Question 9

Temperament becomes discontinuous when?

Answer 9

Poor fit and parents try to change temperament

Question 10

Bowlby studies WWII infants and found that they were _________ motivated to form ________ because they ensure survival.

Answer 10

biologically

attachments

Question 11

What are the 4 attachment aspects?

Answer 11

proximity maintenance
safe haven
secure base
separation distress

Question 12

What are the 3 stages of the separation process?

Answer 12

protest
despair
detachment

Question 13

What did harry harlow study?

Answer 13

Monkeys to see if it was food or comfort that infants sought in a mother.

Question 14

What experiment did Ainsworth conduct on attachment?

Answer 14

Strange situation

Question 15

What was involved in Ainsworth’s strange situation?

Answer 15

The mother leaves the room and the infant is observed for reactions.

Question 16

What are the 2 types of attachment styles?

Answer 16

secure

insecure

Question 17

What are the 3 sub types of insecure attachment?

Answer 17

avoidant
anxious ambivalent
disorganised

Question 18

Attachment styles define ________ not _________.

Answer 18

relationships

individuals

Question 19

Bartholomew and Horowitz suggested that the model of ______ might be as important as the model of ________ in determining their attachment style.

Answer 19

self

other

Question 20

What are Bartholomew’s 4 categories of adult attachment?

Answer 20

secure
preoccupied
dismissing
fearful

Question 21

Baumrind suggested that there were 2 dimensions of styles of parenting- what were they?

Answer 21

Parental:
responsiveness/ warmth
demandingness/ control

Question 22

What are the 4 dimensions of parenting styles?

Answer 22

authoritarian
authoritative
indulgent
uninvolved

Question 23

What thought is behind the authoritative style of parents and what does it lead to?

Answer 23

Guidance leads to autonomy

Question 24

What thought is behind the authoritarian style of parents and what does it lead to?

Answer 24

control leads to passivity

poor self-concept

Question 25

What thought is behind the uninvolved style of parents and what does it lead to?

Answer 25

impulsivity | disengagement

Question 26

What thought is behind the indulgent style of parents and what does it lead to?

Answer 26

strong peer orientation

Question 27

What does technique does an authoritative style of parenting use?

Answer 27

verbal give-and-take

Question 28

How does the child in an authoritative parenting household view their parents?

Answer 28

They identify with parents admire their parents have a strong attachment

Question 29

When does self-recognition begin and how do we test it?

Answer 29

18 months | mirror- red dot

Question 30

By three years of age, children show 4 forms of self-awareness in language that reflect a sense of self. What are these?

Answer 30

self-referral possession self-monitoring awareness of body

Question 31

By middle childhood, children have a concrete understanding of themselves manifested in? (3)

Answer 31

physical description active description unrealistic positive over-estimations

Question 32

Unrealistic positive overestimation is due to children's inability to:

Answer 32

differentiate desired and actual competence

Question 33

The self understanding of the real vs. ideal self can be mapped onto which of Erikson's crisis?

Answer 33

Industry vs inferiority

Question 34

Erikson suggests that adolescents imagine positive selves. These can be either?

Answer 34

Positive (hopes) | Negative (fears)

Question 35

Knox et al. suggest that in high school adolescence can generate up to how many possible selves?

Answer 35

13

Question 36

Which of Erikson's crisis map onto adolescence?

Answer 36

identity vs role confusion

Question 37

Identity is developed through the process of?

Answer 37

Individuation

Question 38

What does individuation involve?

Answer 38

Separation from primary caregivers and dependency on peers | Autonomy

Question 39

What 4 personality characteristics are important for identity formation?

Answer 39

Self-esteem self-monitoring ego resiliency openness to experience

Question 40

What are the 3 initial domains that construct identity according to Erikson?

Answer 40

Vocation Ideology Gender

Question 41

According to Marcia what are the 2 essential criteria for the attainment of an identity?

Answer 41

Exploration (of oneself) | Commitment (to oneself)

Question 42

No Crisis + Commitment =

Answer 42

Foreclosed

Question 43

Crisis + Commitment =

Answer 43

Achieved

Question 44

No Crisis + No Commitment =

Answer 44

Diffused

Question 45

Crisis + No Commitment =

Answer 45

Moratorium (procrastination guilt)

Question 46

Can there be regressive changes from a higher to a lower level of identity development?

Answer 46

Yes

Question 47

Can you be in more than one identity status at one time? (diffused, foreclosed, achieved, moratorium)

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

Which identity status shows the highest level of psychological and interpersonal problems?

Answer 48

Diffused

Question 49

What are individuals who are in the identity status of diffused like?

Answer 49

socially withdrawn | less intimate with peers

Question 50

diffusion goes with which parenting styles?

Answer 50

authoritarian | uninvolved

Question 51

Adolescents who are in the stage of | moratorium demonstrate high levels of?

Answer 51

Anxiety | conflict

Question 52

Adolescents who are in the stage of | moratorium demonstrate low levels of?

Answer 52

rigidity | authoritarianism

Question 53

Adolescents who are in the stage of | identity achieved demonstrate highest levels of?

Answer 53

``` achievement motivation, moral reasoning, intimacy, reflectiveness, career maturity ```

Question 54

Elkind suggests that the adolescent experience is characterised by a particular type of egocentrism because adolescents believe that...

Answer 54

other individuals are as pre-occupied in themselves as they are

Question 55

The two consequences of the self-conscious in adolescence.

Answer 55

``` imaginary audience personal uniqueness (fable- invulnerability) ```

Question 56

Self esteem is the __________ dimension of self understanding. Meaning it can be either _____ or ______.

Answer 56

affective positive negative

Question 57

Self esteem has two aspects which are?

Answer 57

global (overall) | dimensional (specific domains)

Question 58

In childhood is there a difference between levels of self esteem in males or females?

Answer 58

No

Question 59

In adolescence which gender reports lower levels of self-esteem?

Answer 59

females

Question 60

Females are more likely to _____ evaluate.

Answer 60

negatively