Development of Language

Question 1

What is language?

Answer 1

structured system of sound patterns and socially standardized meanings

Question 2

What are the 5’grammatical’ components of language?

Answer 2

phonology 
semantics
syntax
phonemes
morphemes

Question 3

What does phonology refer to?

Answer 3

units of sounds together to make words

Question 4

What do semantics refer to?

Answer 4

a system of meanings

Question 5

What does syntax refer to?

Answer 5

rules

Question 6

What do phonemes refer to?

Answer 6

units of sound that differentiate words (mat vs cat)

Question 7

What do morphemes refer to?

Answer 7

smallest gramatical unit

Question 8

What are the two types of morphemes

Answer 8

free (words)

bound (add ons eg. -ing)

Question 9

What are some other types of symbols other than the alphabet?

Answer 9

graphic (music)
motoric (instructions)
gestural (hands)
sensory/ iconic (associated with experiences)

Question 10

Around 8-10 months what types of symbols are used for communication and why are they used?

Answer 10

gestural- used to communicate and represent

Question 11

What are 3 gestures that are first exhibited?

Answer 11

waving
shaking head
pointing

Question 12

What is an example of symbolic representation in infancy?

Answer 12

pretend play

Question 13

What does deferred imitation mean?

Answer 13

When a child can imitate an object without it being present to copy (pretend play)

Question 14

When does deferred imitation occur in Piaget’s stages?

Answer 14

end of sensorimotor stage

Question 15

What are the two main stages of language acquisition?

Answer 15

prelinguistic

linguistic

Question 16

What are the 3 sub stages within prelinguistic speech?

Answer 16

crying
cooing
babbling

Question 17

What are the 3 sub stages within linguistic speech?

Answer 17

holophrastic speech
two word utterances
telegraphic speech

Question 18

What is the purpose of prelinguistic speech?

Answer 18

forms of vocal play - refines muscles

Question 19

There are different sounds etc. with crying. What do some represent?

Answer 19

hunger 
fatigue 
discomfort 
anger
pain

Question 20

What is cooing and when does it occur?

Answer 20

A repetition of vowel sounds.

6 weeks- 3 months

Question 21

What is babbling and when does it occur? (ALSO NOT ALL BABIES BABBLE - Biological

Answer 21

Syllable utterances

4- 6 months

Question 22

What was the human speechome project looking at

Answer 22

the naming explosion

Question 23

Lenneberg suggests that genuine comprehension of word meaning requires? (4)

Answer 23

recognition of word
phonetic analysis
semantic ability
sentence understanding

Question 24

What is holophrastic speech?

Answer 24

One word - many possible meanings

Question 25

Holophrastic speech is used at what age and is related to only?

Answer 25

12-24 months | own actions

Question 26

What did Nelson say were the most common types of word used by 12 month old children?

Answer 26

``` names verbs descriptors feeling small joining words ```

Question 27

What are the two main features of holophrastic speech?

Answer 27

overextension | underextension

Question 28

What is overextension?

Answer 28

common nouns used to describe all nouns in same category (orange = all fruits)

Question 29

What is underextension?

Answer 29

common nouns that narrowly define category (eg. dog is only family pets dog)

Question 30

When do children begin to use two word utterances?

Answer 30

18 months

Question 31

What did Brown suggest about the grammatical structure of two word utterances?

Answer 31

Pivot grammar | sentence =pivot word + open word

Question 32

What 10 broad ideas to Braine suggest could be covered by context specific two word utterances?

Answer 32

``` Identification Description Possession Plurality Recurrence Disappearance Negation Actor-action relations Location Requests ```

Question 33

What does telegraphic speech resemble?

Answer 33

telegrams- only vital words

Question 34

When does telegraphic speech appear?

Answer 34

24 months

Question 35

What is an example of over regularisation?

Answer 35

Mouses

Question 36

What character did Berko use in her study of children's over regularisations?

Answer 36

Wugs

Question 37

What was the implication of Berko's study of children's over regularisation?

Answer 37

Grammatical rules are learnt not imitated

Question 38

What is transformational grammar?

Answer 38

declarative statements that can be modified to convey different meanings (questions, negative, conjunctions)

Question 39

Bloom used 3 negative words to indicate meaning- what were they?

Answer 39

non-existance rejection denial/ implied falseness

Question 40

How do children indicate they are asking something if they are using holophrastic, two word utterances or telegraphic speech?

Answer 40

They raise the tone of their voice at the end of speech

Question 41

When do children start using complex sentences/

Answer 41

2 years old

Question 42

When does embedding appear?

Answer 42

3 years

Question 43

What is embedding?

Answer 43

The syntax that allows speech about cognitive states/ beliefs

Question 44

What is an example of embedded speech?

Answer 44

Do you mind if.....

Question 45

What are the two areas in the brain that are specialised for language?

Answer 45

Broca's | Wernicke's

Question 46

What is Broca's area of the brain responsible for?

Answer 46

language production/ grammar

Question 47

What is Wernicke's area of the brain responsible for?

Answer 47

comprehension

Question 48

Who was Genie Wiley?

Answer 48

'The Wild CHild' without speech because she was not exposed to or taught language

Question 49

What is the language called that adults (and other children) use with babies?

Answer 49

Parentese

Question 50

What are some of the 9 primary features of Parentese?

Answer 50

``` simple short sentences repetition restating (expansion) recasting (rephrasing) prompting echoing emphasis long pauses exaggeration ```

Question 51

What is used to establish whether a child has developed self-concept?

Answer 51

A mirror