Biology 4 exam

Question 1

monophyletic

Answer 1

group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 2

paraphyletic

Answer 2

collection of organisms that includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

Question 3

Polyphyletic

Answer 3

a collection of organisms that do not share a common ancestor

Question 4

synapomorphies

Answer 4

Shared derived trait that develops between a common ancestor (but is not found in the ancestor) and is shared with descendants after the trait arises. Remember a synapomorphy is SHARED FORWARD, not backward!

Question 5

plesiomorphies

Answer 5

Ancestral trait that a taxon retains throughout evolution

Question 6

autapomorphies

Answer 6

Derived traits that are unique to a single taxon

Question 7

systematics

Answer 7

Study of biodiversity

Question 8

taxonomy

Answer 8

• the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

Question 9

binomial system of nomenclature

Answer 9

a universal, two-part naming system used by biologists to classify and identify species

Question 10

biome

Answer 10

an area classified according to the species that live in that location

Question 11

community

Answer 11

different species that live and interact in the same place at the same time

Question 12

Biological relm

Answer 12

large regions within which ecosystems share similar biological evolutionary history

Question 13

ecotone

Answer 13

boundary area between two different ecological communities or biomes
ex: natural vs manmade

Question 14

the conditions that scientists think existed on early earth

Answer 14

a hot, molten planet with a primitive, anoxic atmosphere, meaning it lacked free oxygen

Question 15

Outline the major transitions in the evolution of organisms

Answer 15

• The origin of self-replicating molecules capable of heredity
• The transition from RNA genetic material to DNA as the genetic material
• The origin of the first cells
• The emergence of eukaryotic cells
• The evolution of sexual reproduction
• The evolution of developmental complexity
• The evolution of individuality
• The evolution of groups
• The evolution of eusocial societies
• Terrestrialization

Question 16

extinction

Answer 16

All individuals in that species have died out

Question 17

Ecosystems

Answer 17

a system formed by interacting living organisms and their physical environment

Question 18

Species

Answer 18

a group of organisms that can reproduce naturally with one another and create fertile offspring

Question 18

Morbidity

Answer 18

the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population, indicating the presence and extent of disease or illness

Question 19

Genes

Answer 19

the basic physical and functional unit of heredity that determine characteristics

Question 20

Mortality

Answer 20

measure of the rate of deaths within a population

Question 21

Classification

Answer 21

Arrangements and names of organisms based on relationship

Question 22

Relationship

Answer 22

genealogical relation and not by similarity

Question 23

Background extinction

Answer 23

Slow, gradual
Common
Diverse direct causes

Question 24

biotic factors

Answer 24

living things within an ecosystem; such as plants, animals, and bacteria

Question 25

abiotic

Answer 25

are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphere

Question 26

Mass extinction

Answer 26

Fast, rare Catastrophic Indirect causes

Question 27

Big 2 mass extinctions

Answer 27

- K-T extinction and astord impact (dinos) At the end of the Cretaceous period - End Permian extinction event

Question 28

End Permian extinction event

Answer 28

the most devastating mass extinction event in Earth's history. It wiped out 96% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial species, marking a major shift in Earth's ecosystems.

Question 29

K-T extinction and astord impact

Answer 29

marking the end of the Cretaceous (car-tay-sous) period and the beginning of the Paleogene period. A large asteroid impact, widely believed to be the primary cause of this extinction event

Question 30

Origin of animals

Answer 30

Sponge like

Question 31

Multicellular

Answer 31

Come together to form groups

Question 32

Individuality

Answer 32

Divided task

Question 33

Oparin-Haldane model

Answer 33

He suggest that life on Earth arose gradually from non-living matter through a process of "chemical evolution"

Question 34

Miller-Urey experiment

Answer 34

demonstrated the possibility of organic molecules, like amino acids, forming from inorganic matter under simulated early Earth conditions

Question 35

Luca

Answer 35

Last universal common ancestors : represent a phylogenetic event horizon

Question 36

Hardy weinberg

Answer 36

p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

Question 37

Amniotes

Answer 37

All animals that are birth from an egg

Question 38

Analogy

Answer 38

share a similar FUNCTION but do not have a common evolutionary origin

Question 39

Homologies

Answer 39

similarities between organisms that are due to shared ancestry Ex: the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats, these structures are built upon the same bone structure.

Question 40

Homoplasy

Answer 40

shared trait between species that is not inherited from a common ancestor. Ex: bat wing vs bird wing in regard to flight

Question 41

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 41

evolutionary relationships

Question 42

The three schools

Answer 42

*Evolutionary Taxonomy: authority, monophyly, ancestor *Phenetics: Overall similarity, Open to criticisms, Equal weighting, Method explicit *Phylogenetic Systematics: Genealogical relationship, Established by synapomorphies, Cladogram

Question 43

Sister taxa

Answer 43

are groups that share a common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

Question 44

Node

Answer 44

branching point from the ancestral population On a phylogenetic tree

Question 45

Three levels (Biodiversity)

Answer 45

*Ecosystems (biomes) *Species *Genes

Question 46

convergence

Answer 46

occurs when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviours

Question 47

symplesiomorphy

Answer 47

trait that is shared with an organism from its ancestors (inherited trait). Remember, a symplesiomorphic trait is SHARED BACKWARDS!