Exam #2

Question 1

describe the structure of a virus

Answer 1

• small
• has a capsid
• nucleic acid core

Question 2

Virus

Answer 2

• very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid
• dependent on a living host.
• contains either DNA or RNA (single or double)

Question 3

Capsid

Answer 3

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid

Question 4

Enveloped Viruses

Answer 4

a virus with an outer envelope of plasma membrane derived from the host cell
- e.g HIV virus

Question 5

Lytic cycle

Answer 5

a virus takes over a host cell and makes copies of itself. The cell eventually bursts, releasing the new viruses to infect other cells

Question 6

Lyosgenic cycle

Answer 6

a mode of viral replication in which a virus integrates its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell’s genome, becoming a prophage

Question 7

prophage

Answer 7

viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells

Question 8

bacteriophage

Answer 8

a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it.

Question 9

describe the structure and common shapes of prokaryotic cells

Answer 9

spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla)

Question 10

Gram-positive cell wall

Answer 10

A thick layer of peptidoglycan molecules is held together by amino acids

Question 11

Gram-negative cell wall

Answer 11

A thin layer of peptidoglycan is covered by an outer membrane.

Question 12

the three primary mechanisms leading to genetic recombination

Answer 12

Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation

Question 13

Tranformation

Answer 13

Baccterium Acquire free DNA

Question 14

Transduction

Answer 14

A virus injects DNA Into bacterium

Question 15

conjugation

Answer 15

through direct cell-to-cell contact

Question 16

Two main ways of obtaining nutrition

Answer 16

Autrotrophs and heterotrophs

Question 17

Two main ways of capturing energy

Answer 17

Chemotrophs and photographs

Question 18

Autotrophs

Answer 18

Supply there own food, for example plants supply food through photosynthesis

Question 19

Heterotrophs

Answer 19

Ingest there food, so they can’t supply their own. Example humans

Question 20

Phototrophs

Answer 20

an organism that uses light energy as its primary source to carry out cellular processes

Question 21

Chemotrophs

Answer 21

an organism that obtains energy by oxidizing chemical compounds in its environment

Question 22

Recognize the relevance of prokaryotes in our daily lives

Answer 22

they play crucial roles in digestion, food production, nutrient cycling, waste decomposition, and even in our immune system function

Question 23

Archcea

Answer 23

Lack peptidoglycan, their cell walls are composed of pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, or proteins

Question 24

Bacteria

Answer 24

Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Question 25

monophyletic groups

Answer 25

a group of organisms that share a common ancestor

Question 26

gametangia

Answer 26

cells within an organism where gametes (sex cells) are produced

Question 27

paraphyletic group

Answer 27

a group of organisms that share a common ancestor but do not include all of its descendants

Question 28

pseudopodia

Answer 28

temporary, arm-like extensions of a cell membrane that help with movement and feeding

Question 29

flagellum

Answer 29

a slender threadlike structure, that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim.

Question 30

cilii

Answer 30

tiny, hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of eukaryotic cells

Question 31

hyphae

Answer 31

feathery filaments that make up multicellular fungi

Question 32

mycelium

Answer 32

A group of hyphae branches

Question 33

plasmogamy

Answer 33

the stage in fungal sexual reproduction where the cytoplasm of two parent cells fuse together, bringing their nuclei close without actually fusing them, resulting in a single cell containing two haploid nuclei from different parents

Question 34

karyogamy

Answer 34

the process by which two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus

Question 35

Protists

Answer 35

a microscopic, single-celled organism that are not an animal, plant, or fungus

Question 36

Fungi

Answer 36

a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

Question 37

the different types of virus shapes

Answer 37

helical, icosahedral, and complex

Question 38

Describe the main traits of fungi

Answer 38

reproductive structures, particularly the type of spores they produce the structure of their hyphae

Question 39

The main groups of fungi

Answer 39

Chytridiomycota (chytrids) Zygomycota (conjugated fungi) Ascomycota (sac fungi) Basidiomycota (club fungi)

Question 40

structure of fungi hyphae

Answer 40

coenoytic speta

Question 41

Diploid

Answer 41

2 copies of DNA

Question 42

Haploid

Answer 42

half the number of gametes

Question 43

coanocyte hyphae

Answer 43

Lacks speta, so no wall dividing cells

Question 44

Septa hyphae

Answer 44

Walls that divide cells in the hyphae

Question 45

Microsporidia

Answer 45

are single-celled parasites that infect animals, insects, and humans. Bacteria resembaled fungi

Question 46

Glomeromycota

Answer 46

group of fungi that form a beneficial relationship with plant roots

Question 47

Ascomycota

Answer 47

fungi commonly known as "sac fungi," characterized by the production of sexual spores called ascospores within a sac-like structure called an ascus

Question 48

Conidia

Answer 48

tips of the hyphae

Question 49

Fungi with a mobile zygote

Answer 49

Chytridiomycota