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Biology II class > Biology Final > Flashcards

Biology Final Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit of area at a given time

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2
Q

dispersion

A

Individuals in a population may exhibit characteristic patterns of spacing (dispersion) relative to one another
3 types: random, uniformed, and clumped

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3
Q

Random dispersion

A

occurs when individuals in a population are spaced throughout an area in a manner that is unrelated to the presence of others

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4
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

individuals are clustered in specific areas within a habitat.

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5
Q

Uniform dispersion

A

occurs when individuals are more evenly spaced than would be expected from a random occupation of a given habitat.

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6
Q

Population growth

A

the increase in the number of individuals within a specific species in a given area over a period of time

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7
Q

Immigration

A

occurs when individuals enter a population and increase its size

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8
Q

Emigration

A

occurs when individuals leave a population and decrease its size

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9
Q

biological organization

A

individual < population < community < ecosystems < biome < biosphere

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10
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of organisms that a specific environment can support over time

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11
Q

Directional selection

A

a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction

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12
Q

Disruptive selection

A

occurs when both extreme traits are favored in an environment

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13
Q

natural selection

A

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change For survival

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14
Q

Exponential Population growth

A

the accelerating population growth rate that occurs when optimal conditions allow that growth ( J shape plot)

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15
Q

Logistic Population Growth

A

a population increasing from a small number of individuals to a larger number that limited later by the environment (S shape plot).

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16
Q

Explain how population size changes

A

Changes in population size are caused by natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration

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17
Q

Type 1 survivorship curves

A

Individuals have a high probability of surviving to adulthood, but the death rate increases dramatically as they age

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18
Q

Type 2 survivorship curves

A

Individuals have a constant chance of dying, regardless of age

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19
Q

Type 3 survivorship curves

A

Individuals have a high death rate in early life, but a relatively low death rate for those who survive to middle and old age

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20
Q

habitat

A

the local environment in which a species lives

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21
Q

competition

A

when organisms or species compete for resources that are in limited supply

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22
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

When members of the same species compete for resources. For example, male birds of the same species competing for mates.

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23
Q

Interspecific competition

A

When members of different species compete for resources. For example, predators of different species competing for the same prey.

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24
Q

mutualism

A

a symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit

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25
commensalism
symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
26
parasitisim
symbiotic relationship in which one member, (the parasite) benefits, and the other (the host) is harmed
27
evolution
the accumulation of genetic changes within populations over time
28
adaptation
an evolutionary modification that improves the chances of survival and reproductive success in a given environment
29
artificial selection
a biological process where humans deliberately select for specific traits in plants and animals
30
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium describes population is not evolving if...
no mutation, no gene flow, no natural selection, random mating, and no genetic drift
31
the four premises of evolution by natural selection
variation overproduction limits on population growth/ struggle for existence differential reproductive success.
32
Summarize the evidence for evolution obtained from the fossil record
Fossils document the existence of now-extinct past species that are related to present-day species
33
biogeography
The study of the past and present geographic distribution of organisms
34
Each organism plays one of three main roles in a community:
Producer Consumer Decomposer
35
Three types of interactions among species in a community:
Competition Predation Symbiosis
36
Four microevolutionary mechanisms
hardy weginberg equallbrium mutation migration dift natural selection
37
biological species concept
a species consists of individuals that can successfully interbreed with one another but not with individuals from other species
38
Allopatric speciation
a process where a new species evolves due to geographic isolation, preventing gene flow between populations
39
sympatric speciation
populations become reproductively isolated from one another despite living in the same geographic area
40
Gradualism
a slow, steady change in species occurs over time
41
phylum: Chytrids
- Only fungi with flagellate cells - unicellular, have rhizoids that absorb food - Most are decomposers; some are parasites - asexual reproduction occurs in the diploid stage - Zoosporangia produce flagellate diploid zoospores
42
Lytic cycle
virus infects a host cell, hijacks its machinery to make more copies of itself, and eventually causes the host cell to burst, releasing the new viruses.
43
Lysogenic cycle
Virus integrates into the bacterial DNA and becomes part of the host
44
Cocci
pherical or nearly spherical-shaped bacteria, both gram positive and gram negative
45
Bacilli
phylum Bacillota a class of rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria
46
Spirochete
phylum Spirochaetales a spiral-shaped bacterium, gram-negative
47
Gram-positive bacteria
have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, retaining a purple stain
48
Gram-negative bacteria
have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane, staining pink or red
49
Transformation
a process by which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell
50
Transduction
the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another.
51
Conjugation
the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
52
Euryarchaeota
methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles
53
Crenarchaeota
consist mainly of extreme thermophiles
54
Archaea
a diverse group of prokaryotes classified into several major phyla 2 types: Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota
55
prokaryotes
cellular organisms Most are unicellular (some form colonies or filaments containing specialized cells) two domains: Archaea and Bacteria
56
Excavates
a supergroup of eukaryotes known for its asymmetrical, single-celled organisms with a distinctive "excavated" feeding groove include: - diplomonads - parabasalids - euglenoids - trypanosomes
57
Alveolates
a group of protists characterized by the presence of membrane-bound sacs called alveoli, which are found under the cell membrane include: - ciliates - dinoflagellates - apicomplexans
58
Stramenopiles
(protists) characterized by having two flagella, one of which bears tripartite hairs include: - water molds - diatoms - brown algae - golden algae
59
Rhizarians
unicellular eukaryotes, characterized by needle-like pseudopodia used for movement and feeding include: - forams - actinopods
60
Archaeplastids
major group of eukaryotes that includes the photosynthetic organisms. They are characterized by having chloroplasts with two membranes include: - red algae - green algae - plants
61
Unikonta
eukaryotes characterized by having a single flagellum (or the absence of flagella) in their motile cells. include: - amoeba - slime molds - fungi - choanoflagellates - animals
62
coenocytic hyphae
nonseptate hyphae, they are a single, long, continuous cell without internal walls or compartments
63
phylum Zygomycetes
known as the pin molds - form extended mycelia and zygospore - Are not a monophyletic group - Most are decomposers - asexual reproduction happenes in the haploid stage
64
phylum Glomeromycetes
characterized by their symbiotic relationships with plant roots, forming arbuscular mycorrhizae (a type of symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots)
65
phylum Ascomycetes
known as sac fungi - produce sexual ascospores, microscopic spores inside special asci (sacs structures) - asexual reproduction happened in the haploid stage - they have a dikayrotic stage
66
phylum Basidiomycetes
known as club fungi (mushrooms) - their unique reproductive structures called basidia, club-shaped cells that produce haploid basidiospores during sexual reproduction. - has a dikaryotic stage
67
Megasporophylls
bear megasporangia, which produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes, which contain eggs.
68
Microsporophyll
bears microsporangia, which produce microspores that develop into male gametophytes, pollen.
69
radially symmetrical
-More then two planes dividing similar portions. - These animals can be prey due to minimal movements
70
bilaterally symmetrical
- The right and left halves are symmetrical - organisms are optimized for directed movement and specialized tasks.
71
Acoelomates
are organisms that have no true body cavities
72
pseudocoelom
have a body cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm
73
coelom
have a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm
74
Hepaticophyta
example: liverworts - do not have a vascular system - produce spore instead of seeds - thallus bodies - dominant gametophyte phase
75
Bryophyta
example: mosses - no vascular system - distinct stem and leaf structures - dominant gametophyte phase - water is needed for fertilization
76
Lycopodiophyta
example: club mosses - has vascular tissue and seedless - dominant phase sporophyte - have strobili: where spore producing sporangia are found
77
Pteridophyta
example: ferns - has vascular tissue and seedless - dominant phase sporophyte - have sori: where spore producing sporangia are found - water is not needed for fertilization
78
Coniferophyta
example: conifers - gymnosperm - naked seeded plants that lack a ovary
79
Anthophyta
example: flowering plants - angiosperms - covered seeded, plants have ovaries
80
Heterosporous
seeded plants produce two types of spores (megaspores and microspores)
81
Gnetophytes (Phylum Gnetophyta)
Share some traits with angiosperms but are not angiosperms - non-motile sperm - double fertilization
82
prophage
viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells
83
mycelium
A group of hyphae branches
84
cephalization
Development of a head where sensory structures are concentrated
85
ecdysis (molting)
Process by which an animal sheds its outer covering, which is then replaced by growth of a new one
86
Animals: dorsal surface ventral surface anterior (cephalic) posterior (caudal) medial superior inferior
back underside (belly) toward the head end toward the tail end toward the midline of the body above, or toward the head below, or toward the feet
87
Premating barriers (prezygotic)
reproductive isolation mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization from occurring between different species before a zygote is formed - Ecological isolation - habitat isolation - immigrants
88
Postmating prezygotic barrier
a form of reproductive isolation that occurs after mating has taken place but before a zygote (fertilized egg) is formed - mechanical isolation - copulatory isolation - gametic isolation
89
Postzygotic barriers
reproductive isolation mechanisms that occur after fertilization, preventing the development or reproduction of viable hybrid offspring - extrinsic - interinsic
90
Gametophyte (spore)
Simple, 1 called All haploid Days to months Almost no nutritive tissue Produced by sporangium
91
Sporophyte (seed)
Multicelled; haploid and diploid tissue Years to centuries Lots of Nutritive tissue Produced by sporangium
92
Opisthokonta
major clade of eukaryotic organisms that includes animals, fungi, and several related protist lineages
93
Punctuated equilibrium
When evolution is also changing and then pausing and changing and pausing
94
Human: Posterior Anterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral
Back Front Towards head Away from head Towards midline of body Away from midline of body
95
Protostomes
Blastspore develop the mouth coelom is formed by schizocoely Spiral cleavage undergo determinate cleavage
96
Deuterostome
Radial cleavage Undergo indeterminate cleavage The blastopore develops into the anus coelom is formed by enterocoely

Biology II class (6 decks)

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