Biology exam II Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
environmental challenges for plants living on land
A
- desiccation (drying out)
- obtaining resources from soil and air
- maintaining structural support
- reproducing without relying on water
2
Q
Plants adaption to challenges of life on land
A
- developing a water-repellent cuticle to prevent desiccation
- specialized structures for support
- vascular tissues for water and nutrient transport.
- reproductive strategies like seed production and alternation of generations (haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte))
- established symbiotic relationships with fungi
3
Q
Desiccation
A
The removal of moisture
4
Q
Stature
A
Rigid cell walls
- Made of cellulose- act like bricks
- Function like a skeleton… but on the outside
5
Q
Identify important characteristics of Bryophyta (plants)
A
- non vascular
- Rely on diffusion and osmosis to obtain needed materials
- Do not form seeds
- usually small in size
- only plants with a dominant gametophyte generation
– sporophytes remain permanently attached
6
Q
Identify important characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
A
- Specialized vascular tissues allow vascular plants to grow to large sizes
- true stems
– most also have true roots and leaves - Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesiS
- Two types of true leaves (microphylls and megaphylls)
7
Q
3 phyla in Bryophyta
A
- mosses (phylum Bryophyta)
- liverworts (phylum Hepatophyta)
- hornworts (phylum Anthocerophyta)
8
Q
two main clades of seedless vascular plants:
A
club mosses and ferns
9
Q
Define Heterospory
A
two kinds of spores are borne by the same plant. These spores differ in size.
10
Q
Heterospory: Two kinds of sproangia
A
Microsporangia and Megasporangia
11
Q
Microsporangia
A
produce microsporocytes which undergo meiosis to form microscopic, haploid microspores, which develop into male gametophytes
12
Q
Megasporangia
A
produce megasporocytes which undergo meiosis to form haploid megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes
13
Q
Identify important characteristics of Gymnosperms
A
- naked seeded plants
- seeds are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cone
- ovary does not surround the ovules; ovules are naked
14
Q
Identify important characteristics of Angiosperms
A
- covered seeded plants
- flowering plants
- produce seeds within an ovary (fruit)
- Vascular plants that produce flowers and seeds enclosed within a fruit
15
Q
Two types of seed plants:
A
Gymnosperms And Angiosperms
16
Q
Gymnosperms Clades:
A
- cycads
- ginkgoes
- conifers
- gnetophytes
17
Q
Monocots
A
- Most have floral parts in threes
- Seeds each contain 1 cotyledon
18
Q
Eudicots
A
- Usually have floral parts in fours or fives
or multiples thereof - Seeds each contain 2 cotyledons
19
Q
Homosporous plants
A
produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
20
Q
heterosporous plants
A
produce two distinct spore types (microspores and megaspores) that develop into separate male and female gametophytes
21
Q
Phylum: Porifera (sponges)
A
- Sessile, Larvae have flagella
- filter feeders
- Cells may be specialized, but do not form tissues
- mainly marine
- no body symmetry
22
Q
Phylum: Cnidaria (jellyfish) Anthozoa, Endocnidozoa, Medusozoa
A
- Radial symmetry
- two body shapes (polyp and medusa)
- stinging organelles (nematocysts)
- Gastrovascular cavity
- Diploblastic
23
Q
Phylum Ctenophora: Ctenophores (comb jellies)
A
- Have biradial symmetry
- Have a nervous system with a network of nerve cells and a sensory “statocyst”
- Diploblastic
- acoelomates
24
Q
important characteristics of Protostomia
A
- Spiral cleavage
- Blastopore forms the mouth
- The coelom is generally formed by schizocoely
- triploblastic
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important characteristics of DEUTEROSTOMIA
- Radial cleavage
- Blastopore forms the anus
- The coelom is generally formed by enterocoely
- triploblastic
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schizocoely
a process by which some animal embryos develop
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enterocoely
process by which a mesoderm is formed in a developing embryo
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describe the animal characteristics common to most animals
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophs
- specialized body cells
- most have nervous systems and muscle systems
- most diploid, reproduce sexually
- Sensory Organs: Animals have sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.)
- most are mobile
29
Describe how biologists use morphology (e.g., body planes) and patterns of early development (e.g., coelom formation) to infer relationships among animal phyla.
Analyzing shared morphological traits like body symmetry and early developmental patterns like coelom formation, using these characteristics to construct phylogenetic trees that illustrate evolutionary relationships
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Plant sex organs (gametangia)
have a layer of nonreproductive cells that protects the gametes
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The female gametangium
protects the developing embryo
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Crinoids
(feather stars and sea lilies)
- The oldest living echinoderms
- Feather stars are motile; sea lilies are sessile
- Filter feeders
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phylum Echinodermata: Asteroids, Crinoidea, Ophiuroudea, echinoidea, holituriudes
- Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, Adult exhibits pentaradial symmetry
- water vascular system
- endoskeleton
- pedicellariae
- Tube feet
- Simple nervous system – no brain
34
Echinoids
(sand dollars and sea urchins)
- Have no arms
- Sand dollars have small spines; burrow in sand; and feed on organic particles
- Sea urchins have long, dangerous spines; move along the seafloor; and graze on algae
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Holothuroids
(sea cucumbers)
- Some are the size and shape of a cucumber
- Elongated body is a flexible, muscular sac
- Mouth surrounded by modified tube feet (tentacles)
- Endoskeleton
- Highly developed circulatory system
- Eject digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads
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Phylum Chordata: Urochordates, Cephalochordates, Vertebrates
- notochord, during some time in their life
- hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord during some time in their life
- larva or embryo has a muscular postanal tail
- have either an endostyle or a thyroid gland evolved from the endostyle
- bilateral symmetry, deuterostomes
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urochordates or tunicates
(sea squirts and relatives)
- Larval body
- Sea squirts (class Ascidiacea) lose the tail and notochord, and attach to a rock, piling, or to sea bottom
- The protective carbohydrate covering (tunic) has incurrent and ex-current siphons through which materials pass
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cephalochordates
(lancelets)
- translucent, fish-shaped animals
- swim freely
- Notochord and dorsal, tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal slits are evident
- Simple body plan: no paired fins, jaws, sense organs, heart, head or brain
- Blood circulates anteriorly posteriorly
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Vertebrates
- chordates
- nerve cord
- The enlarged anterior end of the nerve cord (brain) is enclosed and protected by a cranium
- Some have skeletons made of cartilage
- Most have a bony endoskeleton
- cephalization
- cranial nerves
- neutral crest cells
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Phylum Placozoa
(flat animals)
- Six somatic cell types
- no structural nervous system, muscles, or digestive system
- They reproduce by dividing into two or budding off many multicellular individuals
- lack anterior-posterior polarity, symmetry
- Lower-layer cells
- Upper-layer cells
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Phylum Cnidaria: Anthozoa
(sea anemones and corals)
- Polyps only (no medusa stage), may be solitary or colonial
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Phylum Cnidaria: Endocnidozoa
(parasites of annelids, and aquatic vertebrates)
- Intracellular parasites
- Myxospores (cnidalike structures)
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Clade: Lophotrochozoa
- Most have bilateral symmetry, at least in larval stages
- They are triploblastic, have a true coelom and a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and exhibit cephalization
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Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Acoelomates
- bilaterally symmetrical and are Protostomes
- Simple nervous system
- Sense organs
- Gastrovascular cavity with only one opening, a mouth
- No organs for circulation or gas exchange
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Phylum Platyhelminthesm: Trematoda and Monogenea
Flukes
- Have hooks and suckers for attachment to their host
- Extremely prolific reproductive organs
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Phylum Platyhelminthesm: Cestoda
Tapeworms
- Long, flat, ribbonlike worms that live as parasites
- Digested food is absorbed across the worm’s body wall
- scolex
- Body consists of a long chain of segments, each with male and female reproductive organs
- Complex life cycles involve an intermediate host
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Phylum Platyhelminthesm: Turbellarians
Free-living flatworms with a muscular pharynx; simple brain, eyespots, and other sensory organs;
protonephridia that function in osmoregulation and excretion; and reproductive organs
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Nemerteans (Phylum Nemertea)
(ribbon worms or proboscis worms)
- Free-living worms with long, cylindrical or flattened bodies
- Blood is circulated by contractions of blood vessels and body movements
- A sticky proboscis
- bilateral symmetry
- spiral cleavage
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Phylum Mollusca: mollusks
(clams, oysters, snails, slugs, octopods, and the largest invertebrate)
- a soft body
- muscular foot
- body organs concentrated as a visceral mass
- a pair of folds (mantle)
- a rasplike radula
- A reduced coelom around the heart
- Most have an open circulatory system
- Protostomes
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Phylum Mollusca: gastropods
(snails, slugs, conchs, sea slugs, and relatives)
- Many have well-developed head with tentacles
- Two simple eyes on stalks
- A twisting of the visceral mass (torsion)
51
Phylum Mollusca: bivalves
(clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and relatives)
- Soft body is laterally compressed and enclosed by a two-part shell (valves)
- The only group that LACK a RADULA
52
Phylum Mollusca: cephalopods
(octopods, squids, cuttlefish, nautilus)
- mouths surrounded by tentacles: 8 in octopods, 10 in squids, and as many as 90 in the chambered nautilus
- Large head with complex eyes
- Octopus has no shell; squid shell is greatly reduced
- Squids, octopods, and cuttlefish have tentacles with suckers, a radula, and strong beaks used to kill prey
- ink sac
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Phylum Annelida: Annelids
(polychaetes, earthworms, and leeches)
- Segmented worms
- bilateral symmetry, cephalization, Protostomes
- Polychaetes and earthworms have setae for traction
- Nervous system (simple brain), Closed circulatory system; complete digestive tract
- Respiration is cutaneous
- Each segment has a pair of excretory tubules (metanephridia)
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Phylum Annelida: oligochaetes
- Most live in fresh water or moist terrestrial habitats
- Lack parapodia; few bristles; have no well-developed head
- Hermaphroditic
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Phylum Annelida: polychaetes
- Marine worms that may swim freely, be part of the plankton, burrow in mud, or live in secreted tubes
- Giant tube worms live in deep-sea vents
- Heads have eyes and antennae, tentacles or palps
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Phylum Annelida: Hirudinida
(leeches)
-Most are blood-sucking parasites
- live in fresh water
-Have muscular suckers at both ends of their body
-Hirudin, allows it to suck out 10 times its own weight in blood
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Phylum lophophorates
-Marine animals adapted for life on the ocean floor
-ciliated tentacles that surrounds the mouth (lophophore)
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Phylum lophophorates: Bryozoans
(moss animals )
-Microscopic aquatic animals that form sessile colonies by asexual budding
-Colonies may appear plantlike or corallike
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Phylum Rotifers
(“wheel animals”)
-Multicellular, aquatic, microscopic animals with a characteristic crown of cilia on their anterior end.
-Complete digestive tract
-nervous system with a “brain” and sense organs, including eyespots
-“Cell constant” body has a fixed number of cells
-No true coelom
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Clade: Ecdysozoa (nematodes and arthropods)
Animals characterized by a noncellular body covering secreted by the epidermis (cuticle) which undergoes ecdysis
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ecdysis (molting)
Process by which an animal sheds its outer covering (for example, cuticle, exoskeleton, skin), which is then replaced by growth of a new one
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Phylum Nematoda: Nematodes
(roundworms)
-Have an cylindrical, threadlike body, pointed at both ends
-Cuticle providers body shape
-Fluid-filled pseudocoelom
-Bilateral symmetry
- complete digestive tract
-No specific circulatory structures
- protostomes
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Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropods
- cephalization
-Open circulatory system
-Digestive system is a tube
- segmentation
- pair, jointed appendages
- antennae that sense taste and touch
- bilateral symmetry
- Protostomia
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Trilobites
Phylum Arthropoda
-Inhabited shallow Paleozoic seas
-Lived on the sea bottom and filtered mud for food
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Myriapods (include centipedes and millipedes)
Phylum Arthropoda
-Have unbranched uniramous appendages, jawlike mandibles, and a single pair of antennae
-Terrestrial, found beneath stones or wood in the soil
-Centipedes (“hundred-legged”) have one pair of long legs on each segment behind the head
-Millipedes (“thousand-legged”) have two pairs of legs on most body segments
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Chelicerates
Phylum Arthropoda
-Bodies consist of a cephalothorax and abdomen
-The only arthropods without antennae
-Includes Pycnogonida, Xiphosura and Arachnida
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Arachnids (spiders, mites, scorpions, ticks, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), mites, and HORSESHOE CRABS)
Phylum Arthropoda
-Have six pairs of jointed appendages
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Crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles, etc.)
Phylum Arthropoda
-First and second maxillae are used for holding food
-Appendages may be modified
-Adults with compound eyes
-Primarily aquatic
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Insects Articulated, tracheated, hexapods
Phylum Arthropoda
-Body consists of three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen
-Three pairs of legs
– many have one or two pairs of wings
-One pair of antennae; complex mouthparts (mandibles and maxillae)
-Tracheal system
- undergo metamorphosis
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Impact of Insects on Humans
Positives:
Insects pollinate flowers of crops and fruit trees
Some destroy other insects that are harmful to humans
Bees produce honey; silkworms produce silk
Negatives:
Insects damage crops, buildings, and clothing
Blood-sucking insects transmit diseases
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Gametophyte
the multicellular haploid stage of the plant life cycle
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Sporaphyte
the diploid, spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant or alga
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diploblastic
animals whose embryos develop from only two germ layers: the outer ectoderm and the inner endoderm
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Triploblastic
animals that develop from three embryonic germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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Cuticle
A waxy, waterproof layer on the outer surface of the plant, preventing water evaporation
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Stomata
Pores on the leaf surface that regulate gas exchange while also controlling water loss
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Gastrovascular cavity
a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus
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acoelomates
do not have a body cavity
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Colloblast
Statocyst
- Adhesive prey-capturing structures
- Sensory organ that coordinates beating of the cilia in the combs
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Asteroids (sea stars and sea daisies)
phylum Echinodermata
- Bodies have a central disc with arms (rays)
- Undersurface of each arm has many pairs of tube feet
- Endoskeleton
- Mouth lies in the center of the underside
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Germ layers
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
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cephalization
Development of a head where sensory structures are concentrated
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Sagittal plane divides animal body into
Right and left
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Pollen
The gametophyte generation of the plant
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Spiral cleavage
a pattern of embryonic cell division characteristic of many protostomes
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Indetermined cleavage
early embryonic cells retain capacity to develop into a complete embryo if isolated from other cells
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Determined cleavage
It results in the developmental fate of the cells being set early in the embryo development
