Biology Ch 6. The Respiratory System

Question 1

Breathing in path

Answer 1

Air is drawn in through the nares, then the nasal cavity and pharynx, where it is warmed and humidified, then it is filtered by vibrissae and mucous membranes, then it enters the larynx, then trachea, the trachea divides into the two mainstream bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, which divide until they reach the alveoli

Question 2

Nares

Answer 2

External feature on the nose where air is breathed in through

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

Resides behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth, common pathway for both air and food

Question 4

Vibrissae

Answer 4

Nasal hairs used for filtration

Question 5

Larynx

Answer 5

Lies below the pharynx, air pathway only, opening is the glottis, covered by the epiglottis during swallowing

Question 6

Trachea

Answer 6

Cartilaginous structure that divides into bronchi, contains ciliated epithelial cells for further filtration

Question 7

Bronchi

Answer 7

The two major divisions of the trachea, contains ciliated epithelial cells for further filtration

Question 8

Bronchioles

Answer 8

Further division of bronchi, within the lungs

Question 9

Alveoli

Answer 9

Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane, coated with surfactant, branching and size of alveoli allows for exchange surface area of 100m^2

Question 10

Surfactant

Answer 10

In the alveoli, a deterrent that reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse

Question 11

Pleura

Answer 11

Covers the lungs and lines the chest wall, includes the visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and the intrapleural space between them

Question 12

Visceral pleura

Answer 12

Lies adjacent to the lung itself

Question 13

Pariental pleura

Answer 13

Lines the chest wall

Question 14

Intrapleural space

Answer 14

Lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

A thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing, divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, under somatic control

Question 16

Inhalation

Answer 16

An active process, diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, this increases the volume of the intrapleural space, decreasing intrapleural pressure, this pressure difference expands the lungs, drops the pressure from within, and draws air in from the environment, mechanism termed negative-pressure breathing

Question 17

Exhalation

Answer 17

Can be passive or active

Question 18

Passive exhalation

Answer 18

Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic reveal of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

Question 19

Active exhalation

Answer 19

The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcible decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air

Question 20

Spirometer

Answer 20

Can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

Question 21

Total lung capacity

Answer 21

TLC - maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Question 22

Residual volume

Answer 22

RV - volume of the air remaining in the lungs when one exhales compeltely

Question 23

Vital capacity

Answer 23

VC - the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Question 24

Tidal volume

Answer 24

TV - the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 25

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 25

ERV - the volume of additional air that can be forcible exhaled after a normal exhalation

Question 26

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 26

IRV - the volume of addition air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Question 27

Ventilation center

Answer 27

A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulates ventilation, uses chemoreceptors for CO2, increases respiratory rate if low blood oxygen concentration, can be consciously controlled through the cerebrum, although the medulla oblongata will override during extended periods of hypo- or hyper- ventilation

Question 28

Chemoreceptors

Answer 28

Detect carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there's a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercarbia or hypercapnia) or low oxygen (hypoxemia)

Question 29

Hypercarbia/hypercapnia

Answer 29

High carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

Question 30

Lung gas exchange

Answer 30

Occurs via simple diffusion across concentration gradients due to differences in partial pressure of oxygen, deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries, and oxygenated blood to the low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs to be the pulmonary veins

Question 31

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 31

Bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 32

Pulmonary veins

Answer 32

Bring oxygenated blood away from the lungs

Question 33

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Answer 33

Alters the capillary beds to assist in thermoregulation, constriction conserves more energy, dilation causes more energy to be dissipated

Question 34

Respiratory system filters

Answer 34

Vibrissae, mucous membranes, mucociliary escalator, help filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter

Question 35

Mucociliary escalator

Answer 35

The mechanism where cilia lining the internal airways propel mucus with trapped particulate matter up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed

Question 36

Lysozyme respiratory system

Answer 36

Type of enzyme present within the nasal cavity (also in tears and saliva), attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

Question 37

Macrophages respiratory system

Answer 37

Can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

Question 38

Mucosal surfaces respiratory system

Answer 38

Covered in IgA antibodies

Question 39

Mast cells respiratory system

Answer 39

Have antibodies on their surface that when triggers can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals, often involved in allergic reactions also

Question 40

Respiratory system and pH controls

Answer 40

When blood pH decreases, respiratory rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide, this causes a left shift in the buffer equation reducing hydrogen ion concentration When blood pH increases, respiratory rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide, this causes a right shift in the buffer equation increasing hydrogen ion concentration

Question 41

External intercostal muscles

Answer 41

One of the layers of muscles between the ribs, helps expend the thoracic cavity along with the diaphragm

Question 42

Intrathoracic volume

Answer 42

The volume of the chest cavity

Question 43

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 43

Can speed up the exhalation process during active processes by actively decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 44

Hypoexemia

Answer 44

Low oxygen concentration in the blood, detected by chemoreceptors

Question 45

Bicarbonate buffer system equation

Answer 45

CO2(g) + H2) (l) = H2CO3 (aq) = H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

Question 46

Acidemia

Answer 46

Blood too acidic, pH lower, hydrogen ion concentration higher

Question 47

Alkalemia

Answer 47

Blood too basic, pH higher, hydrogen ion concentration lower