Biology Test 2:

Question 1

Interest in the mechanism of inheritance dates back several centuries.___(460-377BC) believed that each body part sent particles to the reproductive structures. After mating, the particles from the male and the female united and developed into the appropriate body parts.

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

What can we do(responsibly) if PKU is detected in an infant?

Answer 2

Alter the child’s diet

Question 3

A typical(metaphase of mitosis) chromosome would consist of a(n)___ that holds two____ together.

Answer 3

Centromere, chromatids

Question 4

When human beings reproduce, egg and sperm are united, and a single cell is formed. This fertilized egg is termed the____.

Answer 4

Zygote

Question 5

“Crossing over” occurs during which meiotic stage? Recall that is does not occur every time this stage occurs, but when it infrequently occurs, it occurs during this stage of meiosis.

Answer 5

Prophase 1

Question 6

_____is a disorder characterized by a defect in hemoglobin. This disorder is more common among the blacks than the whites(in the U.S. 9-10% of blacks have the heterozygous[trait] genotype).

Answer 6

Sickle cell anemia

Question 7

_____is a disorder of brain lipid metabolism(lysosomal lipid storage disorder) due to enzyme deficiency(hexosaminidase A) this disorder results in postnatal brain deterioration(usually begins after 8 months of age & results in death[brain physically clogs with lipids)

Answer 7

TaySachs disease

Question 8

At the end of mitosis there is/are_____piece(s) of genetic information of each trait. At the beginning of the cell cycle(which really has no beginning because it is a circle, so let’s say the beginning of mitosis) there is/are piece(s) of genetic information for each trait.

Answer 8

One; Two

Question 9

The genetic condition of an organism is its_____, while it’s physical appearance is its______.

Answer 9

Genotype, phenotype

Question 10

If the alleles for a particular gene are the same on both homologous chromosomes, the individual is_____ for that gene.

Answer 10

Homozygous

Question 11

________(1822-1844) is considered to be the father of modern genetics. He conducted several simple experiments with pea plants that helped reveal the true mechanism of inheritance. Although he published his work in the mid-1800s, it was ignored until the early 1900s, when it was rediscovered. His findings still stand the basis for the principles of genetics accepted by all biologist.

Answer 11

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 12

The allele for freckles(F) is dominant to the allele for no freckles(f). How could a freckled man and a freckles woman have a non-freckled child?

Answer 12

They could both be heterozygous

Question 13

In humans, hypotrichosis(sparse body hair) is recessive(h) to normal body hair(H). Two normal body haired parents produce 1 child that exhibits hypotrichosis and 3 other children that do not. What does this tell us about the genotypes of the parents?

Answer 13

They are both heterozygous

Question 14

The allele for attached earlobe is recessive to the allele for free earlobes in humans and this gene is carried on an autosome(somatic chromosome- non- sex chromosome). I’d a heterozygous man with free earlobes marries a woman with attached earlobes, what are the chances of that their child will have attached earlobes?

Answer 14

One in two

Question 15

At what stage(of the following list) of meiosis is each chromosome composed of a single chromatid(is uni-armed)?

Answer 15

Anaphase 2

Question 16

_____is the name for the process that forms synaptonemal complexes

Answer 16

Synapsis

Question 17

The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes attack to spindle fibers and (chromosomes) line up along the equatorial plane is termed

Answer 17

Metaphase

Question 18

_____was inside Augustinian monk and amateur botanist living in a remote Austrian monastery, far from the mainstream of 19th century scientific thought. Curious about the mechanism of inheritance, the subject that would become known as genetics, he experimented with pea plants in the garden of his monastery.

Answer 18

Mendel

Question 19

When two contrasting alleles are present in the genotype, one allele is expressed in the phenotype and the other is suppressed. What do we call this allele that is expressed?

Answer 19

Dominant

Question 20

Regarding the production of sperm, at the end of meiosis, there would be ____cell(s) each with _____ chromosomes

Answer 20

1,46

Question 21

Regarding the production of eggs, at the end of meiosis 1, there would be normally____ cells each with_____ chromosomes that have/has the capacity then undergo meiosis 2.

Answer 21

1,23

Question 22

The allele for cystic fibrosis is recessive to the normal allele. What would be the results (I.e. genotype ratio) id a homozygous dominant male and heterozygous female produced offspring?

Answer 22

1:1

Question 23

In_____, the person has a single X chromosome and they never develop functional ovaries.

Answer 23

Turner syndrome

Question 24

If two chromosomes in the nucleus have the same genetic information, we term these chromosomes to be____ of each other

Answer 24

Homologous

Question 25

Makes with no_____chromosome die during embryonic development

Answer 25

X

Question 26

Plasmodium falciparum is the organism that causes a particular type of_____

Answer 26

Malaria

Question 27

Regarding hemophilia, I’d a phenotypically normal male marries a genotypically heterozygous female and they reproduce fertile offspring, which of the following is statistically true?

Answer 27

Half of the male offspring will be hemophiliacs

Question 28

Phenylanine(2-amino-3-phenylproponionic acid) is________

Answer 28

A common amino acid in proteins

Question 29

_____of mitosis occurs when centromeres of chromosomes spilt and chromosomes(Uni-armed ones) migrate to poles along spindle fibers

Answer 29

Anaphase

Question 30

_____is the oxygen-carrying portion of the erythrocyte(red blood cell)

Answer 30

Hemoglobin

Question 31

The essence of the hereditary process escaped early scientists until the infection of the_____

Answer 31

Microscope

Question 32

_____(384-322 BC) believed that mixing of fluids from two parents were responsible(for producing off springs)-semen and menstrual blood

Answer 32

Aristotle

Question 33

“Crossing over” would be an example of an_____event

Answer 33

Recombination

Question 34

If a person with a sickle cell trait marries a person with sickle cell anemia and they produce offspring, what is this probable result?

Answer 34

50% of their offspring will have the trait and 50% will be anemic

Question 35

In question 15, we dealt with hypotrichosis(sparse body hair). What would be the result of a hypotrichotic male (hh) mating with a “normal” female(HH)?

Answer 35

C&D only all of the offspring will be heterozygous and all the offspring will have a normal amount of body hair

Question 36

In_____, red blood cells jam up in blood vessels(especially small capillaries) causing a very painful situation. The only treatment is transfusion. This is typical of people suffering from sickle cell anemia, but also may occur in people who suffer from sickle cell trait when they encounter low oxygen tension(e.g. at high altitudes)

Answer 36

Sickle cell crisis

Question 37

The second meiotic division(meiosis 11)______

Answer 37

Resembles the four phases of mitotic division

Question 38

______is the most common fatal genetic disorder among “white skinned” people. It is congenital. The individual secrets a thick mucus(from mucous glands) that clogs their lungs, pancreas and liver. One in 20 people have 1 copy of the_____allele.

Answer 38

Cystic fibrosis

Question 39

During which stage of meiosis do the synaptonemal complexes separate and homologoes of homologous pairs of chromosomes begin migration or opposite poles?

Answer 39

Anaphase 1

Question 40

Newborns are screened for this according to the law in many states, including louisiana

Answer 40

PKU

Question 41

Sex chromosomes are located in_____

Answer 41

Cells’ nuclei along with the other chromosomes

Question 42

The term “congenital” means_____

Answer 42

Born with is or from birth onward

Question 43

People who are homozygous recessive for the alleles that cause sickle cell anemia typically don’t reproduce due to an early death. The sickle cell disorder persists for at least two reasons, however, one being that women with the heterozygous genotype(Ss) tend to produce more offspring than woman homozygous dominant(I.e. woman who posses “normal” RBCs). What is the other reason?

Answer 43

The heterozygous genotype confers a degree of immunity to “falciparum malaria”

Question 44

During which phase of mitosis do uni-armed chromosomes reach the poles of the cells nucleus

Answer 44

Telophase

Question 45

Which of the following determines the sec of the offspring?

Answer 45

Dad

Question 46

______syndrome(aka 47 XXY) is the set of symptoms resulting from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary feature is sterility. Often symptoms are subtle and not recognized. When more prominent, these symptoms may include: weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, smaller genitals, breast growth, and less interest in sex than other males in their age cohort. Reading difficulties and speech problems are common

Answer 46

Klinrlter

Question 47

According to the article “Carrie bucks daughter”, Carrie buck was sterilized when she tested as “an imbecile” on the standford Binet IQ exam and when it was determined that her mother and her own daughter constituted 3 generations of feeble-minded women. Oliver Wendell Holmes, who man have been the most celebrated Supreme Court justice wrote the courts majority opinion stating just that, that “three generations of imbeciles are enough” which upheld compulsory sterilization in Virginia’s lower court decision in the supreme courts decision of 1927 on buck v. Bell. While we don’t know much about carries mother Emma(other than she has some illegitimate children) and Vivian, carries illegitimate daughter was only 7 months old at the time of the trial, the fact that Carrie was interviewed in 1980 and judged to be “normal” along with her sister, Doris, who was also sterilized(she was told she had to have her appendix removed) and Vivian made A’s and B’s in school before her early age death at age 8, the conclusion that inheriting genes for mental deficiency is the only or best explanation for poor performance on IQ tests has been_____ at the Lynchberg hospital near Charlottesville, VA between 1924 to 1972, over 4,000 forced sterilization’s were performed

Answer 47

Refuted