Biomed Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
This antibody is most abundant (70-80%), it is the main Ig in blood, lymphs, cerebrospinal fluid, perineal fluid. It can cross the placenta so a pregnant woman can pass immunity to the fetus. It is present in plasma tissues.
A
IgG
2
Q
This immunoglobulin is the** first to appear in response to an antigen. Though it is present in plasma, it cannot cross the placenta. It comprises 7%** of total immunoglobulins.
A
IgM
3
Q
This immunoglobulin is frond in serum, colostrum, respiratory and intestinal mucosal membranes, saliva, and tears. It cannot cross the placenta. It is given to the baby from the mother via breast milk. Comprises 16-19% of immunoglobulins.
A
IgA
4
Q
This is the least predominant Ig (0.01%). It is found in plasma, secretion of exocrine glands.** It promotes allergic histamine reaction.**
A
IgE
5
Q
This is the least understood immunoglobulin. It comprises 1% of total immunoglobulins and its function is not well known. Though it serves as a receptor for B-lymphocytes.
A
IgD
6
Q
This imaging technique is useful in the detection of pathology in the skeletal system, but may also help detect some diseases in soft tissue.
A
X-Ray
7
Q
This diagnostic medical imaging technique is used to visualize muscles, tendons, the size, structure, and pathological lesions of many internal organs including: GB, LV, SP, HT, KD, gonads, blood vessels, lymph abnormalities, and fetal development.
A
Ultrasound
8
Q
This medical imaging technique uses tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a 3D image of the internals of an object from a large series of 2D X-Ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. They may help to see tumors, blood clots, CVA, GI lesions, abdominal abscesses, biliary obstruction, aortic or cardiac aneurysms, and spinal disorders.
A
CT Scan
9
Q
This medical imaging technique is non-invasive and is used to render images of the inside of a patient while they are stationary. This may help to view cancerous tissue, atherosclerotic tissue, joints, spine, brain, valves of the heart, tumors, tendons, and ligaments.
A
MRI
10
Q
Increased RBC may indicate
A
- Polycthemia
- Renal disease
- Pulmonary disease
- CV disease
11
Q
Decreased RBC may indicate
A
- Anemia
- Hodgkin’s Leukemia
- Sickle Cell Disease
12
Q
Increased Hct and Hgb may indicate
A
- Dehydration
- Shock
- COPD
- CHF
- Polycthemia
13
Q
Decreased Hct & Hgb may indicate
A
- Anemia
- Leukemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Cirrhosis
- Massive Trauma
14
Q
Increased WBC may indicate
A
- Acute Infection
- Neoplasm
- Leukemia
15
Q
Decreased WBC may indicate
A
- Bone marrow problem
- Immunity problem
- Fe deficiency, ETOH
- Metastasis
- Viral infection (HIV/AIDS)
- Chemotherapy
16
Q
Increased ESR may indicate
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
A
- Kidney pathology
- Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus
- Thyroid disease
- Multiple myeloma
- Inflammation
- Pregnancy
17
Q
Decreased ESR may indicate
A
- CHF
- Low plasma protein
- Polycthemia
- Sickle Cell
18
Q
Higher-than-normal Iron may indicate
A
- Acute hepatitis
- Nephrosis
19
Q
Low Iron may indicate
A
- Anemia
- Lupus, RA
- Hypothyroidism
- 3rd trimester of pregnancy
20
Q
High BUN may indicate
Blood Urea Nitrogen
A
- Kidney pathology
- GI Bleed
- Heart Failure
- High-protein diet
- Dehydration
- Steroid use
21
Q
Low BUN may indicate
A
- Pregnancy
- Malnutrition
- Liver pathology
- Acromegaly
22
Q
Increased Creatinine levels may indicate
A
- Kidney pathology
- Hyperthyroidism
23
Q
Low Creatinine levels may indicate
A
- Loss of muscle mass
- Aging
24
Q
Increased Uric Acid may indicate
A
- Gout
- Arthritis
- Kidney stones/ disease
25
Low Uric Acid may indicate
* Chronic kidney disease
* Low thyroid
* Toxemia
* ETOH
26
Increased Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) may indicate
* Myocardial Infarction
* ETOH
* Skeletal muscle disease
27
Increased Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) may indicate
* MI; pulmonary infarction
* Anemia, leukemia
* Malignancy
28
Decreased LDH may indicate
* Malnutrition
* Hypoglycemia
29
Increased GGT, AST, and ALT may indicate
## Footnote
Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
SGOT, Aspartate Aminotransferase
SGPT, Alanine Aminotransferase
* Liver pathology
* Cardiac muscle damage
* ETOH
* Muscle injury
* Muscular dystrophy
* Neoplasm
30
Decreased GGT, AST, and ALT may indicate
* Malnutrition
* Vitamin B deficiency
* Pregnancy
* Hypothalamism
* Hypothyroidism
31
Increased Alkaline Phosphatase may indicate
* Growing children
* Pregnancy
* Bone/liver pathology
* Gallstones
32
Decreased Alkaline Phosphatase may indicate
* Hypophosphatasia (genetic)
* Hypoadrenia
* Malnutrition
33
Increased LDL may indicate
* Atherosclerosis
* CHD - coronary heart disease
34
Too low LDLs may indicate
* Depression, anxiety
* Violent behavior, suicide
* Hemorrhagic stroke
35
Increased HDLs may indicate
* Vigorous exercise
* Insulin
* Estrogens
36
Too low HDLs may indicate
* Starvation
* Obesity, hypothyroidism
* Smoking
* Diabetes Mellitus, LV Disease
37
Increased T4 may indicate
* Hyperthyroidism
* Pregnancy
* Birth control
38
Low T4 may indicate
* Hypothyroidism
* Pituitary Sx
39
This test is most important for diagnosing LV disease
ALT
40
Ordering ALT with AST can help differentiate
Liver damage vs. Injury to cardiac muscle
41
What S/Sx would lead you to order an ALT/AST blood test for your patient?
Weakness, fatigue, anorexia, N/V, abd. swelling or pn, jaundice, dark urine, pale stool, pruritis
Hx/Family Hx of hepatitis, alcoholism, LV disease , diabetes, long-term use of medication
42
If AST, ALT, and ALP are all elevated, what is the likely diagnosis?
Liver disease
43
If AST and ALT are low, but ALP is high, what is the likely diagnosis?
Bone disease or bone cancer
44
If both GGT and ALP are high, is the disorder more likely to be bone or liver?
Liver
45
Increased salt intake coupled with excess sweating or diuretics and/or dehydration may lead to this elevated electrolyte condition.
Hypernatremia (Inc. Na+)
46
Treatment for hypernatremia includes
Free water IV therapy
47
Renal fluid loss, diuretic use, Addison's disease, chronic renal disease, CHF, ketoacidosis, kidney disease may lead to what decreased electrolyte condition?
Hyponatremia
48
Standard-of-care for Hyponatremia includes:
RED FLAG: Refer to ER immediately
Saline drip, fluid restriction, removal of diuretics
49
Common S/Sx for hypernatremia includes:
Dehydration, thirst, fatigue, restlessness, dry mouth, fast heart rate, insufficient urine production, altered level of consciousness, irritability
50
Common S/Sx for Hyponatremia includes:
N/V, H/A, confusion, loss of energy/ lethargy/ drowsiness/ fatigue, muscle weakness, spasms, cramps, seizures, coma
51
Acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, rhabdomyolosis, excessive use of potassium supplements, Type 1 Diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers, use of penicillin, urinary obstruction may cause this elevated electrolyte condition
Hyperkalemia (K+)
52
What common S/Sx may lead you to believe your patient may have hyperkalemia?
Flaccid paralysis, chest pn, irregular heartbeat that may resemble "fluttering," abd. pn, diarrhea, N/V
53
What is the standard-of-care for hyperkalemia?
Inhaled Beta-2 agonist, Hemodialysis, IV calcium gluconate, IV insulin/ glucose
54
Chronic diarrhea from laxative use, ingestion of bentonite clay, heavy use of Gan Cao, chewing tobacco, Cushing's syndrome, Bartter syndrome, use of diuretics, use of corticosteroids may lead to what decreased electrolyte condition?
Hypokalemia (K+)
55
Common S/Sx of hypokalemia may include:
Muscle spasms/ twitches, cramps, severe muscle weakness nearly leading to paralysis, arrythmia, hypotension, faintness, polyuria, polydipsia
56
What is the standard-of-care for hypokalemia?
IV Potassium, continuous ECG monitoring esp. if levels are < 3 mEq/L,
57
Hyperparathyroidism, cancer with bone metastasis, Paget's disease, osteoporosis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Vitamin A&D toxicity, tuberculosis, contaminated glassware with blood, prolonged venous stasis, myxedema, Cushing's and Addison's disease, use of litium, Theophylline, and Thiazide, may be the underlying cause(s) of which elevated electrolyte imbalance?
Hypercalcemia (Ca++)
58
Common S/Sx of Hypercalcemia?
Constipation, anorexia, N/V, abd. pn, polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia, delirium, confusion, bone pain
59
Standard-of-care for Hypercalcemia includes:
IV saline, Furosemide, Bisphosphonates, hemodialysis
60
Common causes for this decreased electrolyte condition includes hypoparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, Renal disease, Mg depletion, acute pancreatitis, hypoporetinemia, Septic shock, hyperphosphatemia, anticonvulant use
Hypocalcemia
61
Common S/Sx of hypocalcemia includes
Carpopedal spasms/latent tetany (+) Trousseau sign, parasthesia of lips, fingers, feet, muscle aches, dry scaly skin, Facial spasm (+) Chvostek sign,
62
Treatment for Hypocalcemia includes:
For tetany: IV calcium gluconate
For chronic hypocalcemia: oral calcium and Vitamin D supplementation
63
Common causes for this elevated electrolyte imbalance includes: hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, advanced renal failure, severe vitamin D deficiency, high intake of phosphorus
Hyperphosphatemia (P/ PO₄³⁻ as phosphate)
64
Common S/Sx of Hyperphosphatemia include:
Risk of decreased bone density/hypocalcemia, so S/Sx of hypocalcemia may occur including: muscle cramps, brittle nails, dry skin, dry/coarse hair (dryer or more coarse than normal), tetany
65
Treatment for hyperphosphatemia includes
Phosphorus restriction or phosphate binders
66
Common causes for this decreased electrolyte condition includes: the recovery phase of ketoacidosis, acute alcoholism, undernutrition, hyperparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, chronic fastic, long-term antacid use
Hypophophatemia
67
S/Sx of hypophosphatemia include:
Mild hypophosphatemia: asymptomatic or mild to moderate muscle weakness
Severe hypophosphatemia: muscle and bone pain, muscular weakness, altered mental state/ confusion/ irritability, numbness/ reflexive weakness, seizures, coma
68
Treatment for hypophosphatemia includes:
Oral Phosphorus replacement for mild to moderate cases
IV Phosphorus replacement for severe cases
69
This elevated electrolyte condition is very rare and is most likely caused by renal failure or kidney malfunction
Hypermagnesemia (Mg++)
70
Hypermagnesemia S/Sx include:
Symptomatic hypermagnesemia is RARE and occurs in patients experiencing renal failure after ingesting magnesium-containing drugs like antacids or laxatives.
S/Sx: hyporeflexia, hypotension, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest
71
Treatment for hypermagnesemia includes:
Calcium gluconate
Diuresis
Dialysis
72
This decreased electrolyte condition can likely be attributed secondary to dietary deficiency as seen in alcoholism, termical cancer, anorexia nervosa, and starvation. It can also be secondary to GI and Renal losses, including: diarrhea, gastric bypass surgery. It can also be due to genetic conditions and certain medications.
Hypomagnesemia
73
S/Sx of hypomagnesemia include
(+) Chvostek sign - facial tics/ tremors d/t stimulation anterior to ear, (+) Trosseau sign - carpopedal spasm/ latent tetany, (+) Babinski sign - stimulation of lateral plantar aspect of foot leading to extension, nystagmus, anorexia, N/V, lethargy, weakness, personality change
74
Treatment for hypomagnesemia includes
Mild - Oral magnesium salts
Severe - IV or IM magnesium sulfate
75
Most definitive diagnostic method for thyroid cancer?
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
76
Myxedema [coma] is an extreme, sometimes fatal, complication of what thyroid disorder?
Hypothyroidism
77
Non-compliance of what medication may lead to myxedema coma?
Levothyroxine
78
Decreased TSH with elevated T3/T4 is likely to be hypo- or hyper- thyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism (likely Graves')
79
Cachexia, agitation, heart palpitations, exophthalmos, decreased TSH/TRH and elevated T3/T4 is likely to be hypo- or hyper- thyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism (likely Graves')
80
Most common cause of goiters worldwide?
Lack of iodine in the diet
81
A patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism and subsequently started on levothyroxine. When is the most appropriate time for re-evaluation?
Check TSH levels in **4-6 weeks**
82
What medication will most likely be prescribed for a **pregnant** patient that has just been diagnosed with Graves hyperthyroidism in the **first trimester**?
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
83
What medication will most likely be prescribed for a **pregnant** patient that has just been diagnosed with Graves hyperthyroidism in the **2nd or 3rd trimester**
Methimazole
84
What conditions may cause DIFFUSE/ ACUTE Abdominal Pain?
Acute Pancreatitis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Early Appendicitis
Gastroenteritis
Intestinal Obstruction
Mesenteric Ischemia
Peritonitis
Sickle Cell Crisis
Spontaneous Periotonitis
Typhoid Fever
85
What abdominal conditions may cause pain the RIGHT OR LEFT **UQ**?
Acute Pancreatitis
Herpes Zoster
Lower Lobe Pneumonia
Myocardial Ischemia
Radiculitis
86
What abdominal conditions may cause pain in specifically the RUQ?
Cholecystitis/ Cholelithiasis/ Biliary Colic
Congestive Hepatomegaly
Hepatitis
Perforated Duodenal Ulcer
Retrocecal Appendicitis
87
What abdominal conditions may cause pain in specifically the RUQ?
Cholecystitis/ Biliary Colic
Congestive Hepatomegaly
Hepatitis
Perforated Duodenal Ulcer
Retrocecal Appendicitis
88
What abdominal conditions may cause pain specifically in the LUQ
Gastritis
Splenic Disorders
89
What abdominal conditions may cause pain specifically in the RLQ
Appendicitis
Cecal diverticulitis
Meckel's diverticulitis
Mesenteric Adenitis
90
What abdominal disorders may cause pain specifically in the LLQ?
Sigmoid Diverticulitis
91
What abdominal disorders may cause pain in either the RIGHT or LEFT **LQ**?
Abdominal or Psoas abscess
Abdominal Wall Hematoma
Cystitis
Endometriosis
Incarcerated or Strangulated Hernia
IBD
Mittelschmerz
PID
Renal Calculi
Ruptured Abd. Aortic Aneurysm
Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Ovarian (Cyst) Torsion or Testes Torsion
92
BP of <120/ <80 is?
OPTIMAL
93
BP of 120-129 / 80-84 is?
NORMAL
94
BP of 130-139/ 85-89 is?
HIGH NORMAL
95
BP of 140-159/ 90-99
GRADE 1 HTN
96
BP of 160-179/ 100-109 is?
GRADE 2 HTN
97
BP of >180/ >110 is?
GRADE 3 HTN
Hypertensive Crisis
98
Isolated Systolic HTN reading is?
>140/ <90
99
Digestive enzyme that digests **starches**
Amylase
100
Digestive enzyme that digests **lipids**
Lipase
101
Digestive enzyme that digests **protein**
Protease
102
Digestive enzyme that digests **nucleic acids**
Ribonuclease
103
Treatments of HTN Include
| Hint: Know your ABCDs
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) -or- Angiotension II Receptor Blockers
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Diuretics
