biomolecules

Question 1

polarity

Answer 1

distribution of charge within a molecule due to differences in electronegativity between atoms

Question 2

functional groups

Answer 2

specific group of atoms that contribute to a predictable behavior of the molecule

Question 3

most polar type of molecules

Answer 3

ones with charges like carbonic acid and NH3+

Question 4

steroids

Answer 4

cholesterol derived non-polar hormones. consist of 4 hydrocarbon rings

Question 5

amphipathic molecules

Answer 5

molecule with significant polar and nonpolar regions
ex: fatty acids

Question 6

what kinds of solvents are physiologically toxic?

Answer 6

nonpolar solvents like hexane

Question 7

what kind of compounds are lipophilic?

Answer 7

hydrocarbons (alkanes,alkenes, alkynes)

Question 8

structure of an amino acid

Answer 8

an amino group, hydrogen, R group, and cooh group bound to a central carbon

Question 9

what part of the amino acid determines its properties?

Answer 9

r group

Question 10

r group classifications

Answer 10

positively charged, negatively charged, polar, nonpolar

Question 11

which amino acid is achiral

Answer 11

glycine

Question 12

which amino acids are aromatic

Answer 12

tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalenine

Question 13

which amino acids contain sulfur?

Answer 13

met and cyst

Question 14

which amino acid breaks up secondary structure

Answer 14

proline (formation of proline kinks)

Question 15

nonpolar amino acids

Answer 15

G, A,V, I, L, M, P, F, Y, W

Question 16

polar amino acids

Answer 16

S, T, N, Q, C

Question 17

positively charged amino acids?

Answer 17

R, K, H

Question 18

negatively charged amino acids?

Answer 18

D, E

Question 19

which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges in terciary protein structure?

Answer 19

cysteine- cystine

Question 20

what bond joins amino acids to make proteins?

Answer 20

peptide bonds (dehydration)
- between cooh of previous amino acid and NH3 of next amino acid

Question 21

direction of proteins

Answer 21

N terminus to C terminus

Question 22

primary protein structure

Answer 22

sequence of amino acids, unchanged following denaturation

Question 23

secondary protein structure

Answer 23

hydrogen bonding between the amine and cooh groups in the amino acid backbone that create alpha helicies and beta sheets

Question 24

terciary structure

Answer 24

interactions between side chains, all proteins have this structure

Question 25

quartenary protein structure

Answer 25

not all proteins possess this structure, interactions between multiple peptide subunits

Question 26

lipids functions

Answer 26

storage, energy, structure, signalling

Question 27

types of lipids

Answer 27

1. fatty acids + derivatives 2. cholesterol + derivatives 3. eocosinoids (prostaglandins) 4. terpenes and terpenoids

Question 28

fatty acids

Answer 28

long chain carboxylic acids, can be branched or unbranched

Question 29

TAGs

Answer 29

3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone. important for fat storage. bond can be broken via saponification

Question 30

phospholipids

Answer 30

derivative of TAGS 2 fatty acids and a p group bound to glycerol. most common lipid in membrane

Question 31

spingolipid

Answer 31

sphingosine bound to a fatty acid

Question 32

waxes

Answer 32

naturally occuring mixtures of lipids that include fatty acids, long-chain fatty alcohols, aromatic compounds. secreted by plants

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

precursor for vitamin d and steroids, 4 hydrocarbon rings. nonpolar and important in signalling

Question 34

eocosinoids (prostaglandins)

Answer 34

derived from arachodonic acid, important in signalling and controlling inflammation

Question 35

terpens/ terpenoids

Answer 35

hydrocarbons composed of repeating isoprene (C5H8) units - ex: squalene - precursor for vitamin A

Question 36

squalene

Answer 36

terpene precursor of cholesterol

Question 37

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 37

A, D, E, K

Question 38

carbohydrates

Answer 38

major source of energy, composed of C(h2O) units with at least one carbonyl and one hydroxyl group

Question 39

aldose sugar

Answer 39

sugar where the carbonyl is terminal ex- glucose

Question 40

ketose sugar

Answer 40

sugar where the carbonyl is inside the chain (not terminal ) ex- fructose

Question 41

what isomer do carbs exsist in?

Answer 41

D

Question 42

which configuration do amino acids exsist in ?

Answer 42

L

Question 43

fructose

Answer 43

ketohexose that is made by plants and found in fruits

Question 44

galactose

Answer 44

aldohexose epimer of glucose

Question 45

sucrose

Answer 45

glucose and fructose (alpha 1-4)

Question 46

maltose

Answer 46

glucose + glucose

Question 47

lactose

Answer 47

glucose + galactose

Question 48

amylose

Answer 48

linear polysaccharide linked by a(1-4) bonds - major component of starch

Question 49

amylopectin

Answer 49

branched polysaccharide linked by a 1-4 and branches a 1-6 bonds - makes up majority of starch and is easily broken down

Question 50

starch

Answer 50

major storage polysaccharide in plants. composed of amylose and amylopectin - most common carbohydrate in diet q

Question 51

glycogen

Answer 51

animal carbohydrate storage with a1-4 and branched 1-6 synthesized in liver and stored in liver and muscle

Question 52

cellulose

Answer 52

structural polysaccharide made by plants b1-4 bonds that cannot be digested by humans - makes up dietary fiber

Question 53

nucleic acid functions

Answer 53

store and transmit genetic information

Question 54

nucleotide

Answer 54

made of nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and 5 carbon sugar (pentose)

Question 55

nucleoside

Answer 55

nitrogenous base and pentose

Question 56

nitrogenous bases

Answer 56

A, T, G, C, U

Question 57

purines

Answer 57

2 ring structure A and G

Question 58

pyrimidines

Answer 58

1 ring structure T, C, U

Question 59

structural significance of uracil

Answer 59

demethylated version of thymine

Question 60

difference between RNA and DNA pentose?

Answer 60

ribose has a 2' OH group while DNA pentose is missing 2' OH

Question 61

bond that connects phosphate group and pentose sugar in nucleic acids ?

Answer 61

phosphodiester bond between phosphate of previous group and pentose of next group adds a p group to the 3' end

Question 62

which direction are phosphodeister bonds made

Answer 62

5' to 3'

Question 63

how many hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T

Answer 63

2

Question 64

how many hydrogen bonds are formed between g and C

Answer 64

3

Question 65

what keeps the two strands of DNA together in a double helix

Answer 65

hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

Question 66

DNA double strands are..

Answer 66

antiparallel one is 5'-3' other is 3'-5'

Question 67

b DNA

Answer 67

most common type 10 bases per turn

Question 68

A- DNA

Answer 68

tighter than regular dna with 11 bases per turn

Question 69

z DNA

Answer 69

loser with 12 bases per turn

Question 70

subtypes of DNA

Answer 70

mitochondrial DNA

Question 71

subtypes of RNA

Answer 71

mRNA, tRNA, r RNA, miRNA, siRNA, hnRNA

Question 72

18 of the 19 amino acids that are chiral are S orientation.. which amino acid is the exception?

Answer 72

L-cystine is R oriented

Question 73

how do double bonds effect the boiling point of fatty acids

Answer 73

unsaturation will lower boiling point

Question 74

which type of character increases boiling point of fatty acids? trans or cis

Answer 74

trans