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MCAT bio > respiratory and circulatory system > Flashcards

respiratory and circulatory system Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

nares

A

nostrils

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2
Q

epiglottus

A

cartilage tissue that covers larynx during swallowing and covers esophagus during breathing

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3
Q

larynx

A

contains the voice box

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4
Q

trachea

A

continue path of air to the lungs
- epithelia lined with goblet cells (secrete mucus) and cilia

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5
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

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6
Q

bronchi

A

bilateral and lined with ciliated epithelium
- divide into secondary and terciary bronchioles to the point of alveoli

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7
Q

alveoli

A

small sacs where gas exchange occurs
coated with surfactant (reduce surface tension)

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8
Q

thoracic cavity

A

lungs and heart, protected by ribs

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9
Q

pulmonary pleura

A

serous membrane sorrounding lungs

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10
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that contracts to breath, and expand lungs
- pressure decreases as lungs expand and air rushes in

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11
Q

negative-pressure respiration

A

diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, decreased pressure causes a pressure difference between atmosphere and lungs so air rushes into lungs

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12
Q

passive exhalation

A

relaxation of diaphragm

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13
Q

active exhalation

A

use inter-coastal muscles and abdominal muscle to expel air

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14
Q

what kind of blood returns to lungs

A

deoxygenated blood rich in co2

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15
Q

what is oxygen carried by

A

hemoglobin

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16
Q

tidal volume

A

normal volume of air breathed in and out in a normal respiration

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17
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional air that can be expelled from lungs after normal respiration

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18
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional air that can be inhaled after normal respiration

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19
Q

total lung capacity

A

the most air that can be inhaled in the lungs at one time

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20
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining after breathing out as much as possible

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21
Q

vital capacity

A

difference between TLC and RV

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22
Q

defensins

A

antibiotic proteins of the respiratory system
- inate immune system defense

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23
Q

respiratory system can funciton in thermoregulatio

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation in nose
panting when hot

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24
Q

co2

A

biproduct/waste of aerobic metabolism and breathing that must be exhaled

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25
bicarbonate buffer system
co2 + h20 --> H2CO3 --> H + Hco3-
26
acidosis
when blood drops below 7.35
27
alkilosis
when blood raises above 7.45 pH
28
how does the body sense blood acidemia
chemoreceptors in CNS which cause respiratotion levels to increase to expel acidosis
29
hypoventilation can cause
build up of co2
30
hyperventilation can cause
increase of o2, decrease in co2 and alkalemia
31
plasma
water, nutrients, hormones, waste, salts gas, amino acids
32
serum
plasma with clottng factor removed
33
what measures is plasma volume tied to
blood pressure and hydration
34
what hormones regulate plasma volume
aldosterone and ADH
35
how does aldosterone affect plasma volume
increases the absorption of NA in the Distal convuluted tubule and collecting duct which drives osmosis / water reabsorption - raises blood volume and blood pressure
36
how does ADH/vasopressin affect plasma volume
acts only on the collecting duct of the nephron to increase water reabsorption
37
how does ANP affect plasma volume
decreases plasma volume by decreasing sodium reabsorption
38
leukocytes
white blood cells important for immunity
39
platelets
cell fragments that allow for blood to clot
40
thrombin
cuts fibrinogen to fibrin
41
erythrocytes
no nucleus, no aerobic respiration , no mit --> biconcave shape to travel through capillaries - contain lots of hemoglobin and transport oxygen through the blood
42
erythropoetin
hormone released to produce more RBCs in bone marrow when counts are low
43
where are RBCs degraded
spleen
44
hemocrit
portion of blood with RBCs
45
what kind of dominance is exhibited in ABO blood system
codominance
46
type A
presents A antigen has B antibodies
47
Type B
presents B antigen has A antibodies
48
Type AB
has AB antigen has no antibodies - universal reciever
49
Type o
has no antigen has AB antibdies universal donor
50
who can type A receive from
A, O
51
who can type AB receive from
A, B, o
52
Rh factor
single antigen (+) or none (-)
53
AB+
universal acceptor
54
o-
universal donor has no antigens that reciever could attack
55
path of deoxygenated blood through the heart
SVC--> RA --> RAV (tri) --> RV --> sl valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs ** in lungs blood becomes oxygenated enters pulmonary vein --> LA --> bicuspid --> LV --> aortic sl valve --> aorta
56
AV valves
seperate atria and ventricles, prevent back flow of blood
57
bicuspid valve
left av valve
58
what makes the lub dub sound of the heart
1. AV valves close 2. SL valves close
59
which are more muscular? atria or ventricles
ventricles, because they pump blood away from the heart left is larger because it pumps to whole body
60
systole
contraction of the heart
61
diastole
relaxation of the heart
62
normal bp reading
120 mmhg/ 80 mmhg
63
types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
64
arteries
move away from the heart
65
vein
move toward heart
66
capillaries
smallest vessels where gas exchange takes place
67
systemic circulation
artiers supply major organs with oxygenated blood
68
pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs
69
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood to the heart from lungs
70
how do arteries thermoregulate the body
when it is hot, they vasodilate and allow heat to realease, when cold they constrict to conserve heat
71
which are thicker arteries or veins
arteries, more muscle and carry more blood pressure
72
arterioles
smaller arteries with less blood pressure
73
capillaries
small vessles that RBCs move through
74
venules
smaller veins that drain into veins
75
vein bp
lower than arteries and have thinner walls with less muscle
76
SA node
pacemaker of the heart that sits above the right artium that send out action potentials for the heart to contract
77
APs throught the heart
SA node AV node bundle of his purkinjee fibers
78
flow of blood through heart and pressure
Q = change in pressure/ resistance or RQ = change in pressure resistance and pressure are proprtional to eachother
79
resistance in blood vessels can be shown by what equation
pousillies R = 8Ln / pi *r^4
80
what is viscocity of blood proporitional to
hemocrit/ amount of RBC
81
continuity equation for gas exchange
V1a1=v2A2
82
bournouille eqn applied to blood
continutiry of energy Pe+ ke= PE + KE
83
hydrostatic pressure
pushing due to force of water on container
84
oncotic pressure
pulling from solutes (osmotic)
85
hemeoglobin
4 subunits of 2 dimers alpha nd 2 beta the center has a central iron in a polyporphorin ring --> heme group FE binds to o2 - binding depends on affinity and cooperativity
86
cooperativity
binding on one subunit promotes binding on another, sigmoidal graph
87
forms of hemoglobin
T and R T is low affiinity for o2 R is high affinity for 02 - when o2 binds the heme shifts from T to R
88
effect of co2 on hemoglobin binding to o2
co2 increases acidity so shifts curve to the right h+ allosterically regulate hemoglobin and stabilize the T form (lower affinity for o2 bohr effect
89
23 BPG effect on hemoglobin
rightshift, stabilizes t state and decreases affinity for o2
90
fetal hemoglobin shift in oxygen binding
Left (increased affinity)
91
how does an increase in temperature affect the oxygen hemoglobin assoication curve
increased temp decreases affinity and causes a shift to the right
92
carbonic annhydrase
converts co2 gas to carbonic acid h2co3 --> Hco3- and h+

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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