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genetic inheritance and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

mendelian genetics

A

pea plant experiements to track phenotypic variation and established dominant and recessive traits

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2
Q

genotype

A

combination of genes responsible for phenotype

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3
Q

phenotype

A

physical manifestation of a genotype
- multiple genotypes can show same phenotype

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4
Q

gene

A

sequence of dna that codes for a given trait

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5
Q

allele

A

variations of a gene

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6
Q

homologues

A

copies of the same chromosome
- same set of genes but different alleles

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7
Q

locus

A

region of a chromosome where a gene resides

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8
Q

descriptions of alleles

A

dominant and recessive

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9
Q

dominant allele

A

1 copy is needed to show phenotype

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10
Q

recessive

A

2 copies needed to show phenotype

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11
Q

do loss of function mutations tend to be dominant or recessive

A

recessive

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12
Q

do gain of function mutations tend to be dominant or recessive

A

dominant

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13
Q

example of fatal gain of function disease

A

huntingtons

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14
Q

punnett square

A

common technique to illustrate genetic cross over where parental genomes are aligned on each axis, with 4 or more outcomes

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15
Q

homozygus

A

2 copies of the same allele

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16
Q

heterozygus

A

1 copy of 2 different alleles

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17
Q

hemizygous

A

one copy of an allele is present
- nondisjunction

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18
Q

test cross

A

an individual with a DOMINANT phenotype is crossed with an individual of the recessive phenotype , if the dominant is homozygous , the f1 generation wont have any of recessive phenotype

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19
Q

back crossing

A

hybrid cross with a parent organism to obtain offspring similar to parent

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20
Q

wild type

A

default genotype or phenotype
w+ means no mutation

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21
Q

w (experiment group)

A

has mutation

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22
Q

w+

A

does not have mutation // wild type

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23
Q

complete dominance

A

medelian genetics where one dominant phenotype is always expressed over recessive

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24
Q

codominance

A

2 dominant alleles are expressed at the same time

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25
what kind of dominance does the ABO blood type exhibit
co dominance
26
incomplete dominance
heterozygote blend of phenotypes a red and white flower make pink
27
penetrance
likelyhood that a carrier of a genotype will manifest the corresponding phenotype - how often a mutation is phenotypically expressed
28
what factors determine penetrance
gene expression and epigenetic modification
29
expressivity
intensity or extent of variation in a phenotype
30
example of expressivity of a mutation
severity of a disease
31
dihybrid cross
punnette square for two traits
32
distribution of a dihybrid cross for two traits that are both heterozygous
9:3:3:1
33
law of independent assortment
there is no link of inheritance between alleles of different genes - applies to genes on different chromosomes AND genes on the same chromosome at different loci
34
why does law of independent assortment apply to genes on the same chromosome
because of crossing over at the chiasmata point
35
when does corssing over occur
prophase 1 of meiosis
36
recombination frequency
describes how often a single cross over event will occur between two genes on the same chromosome - if recombination frequency is 50% then the genes in question obey law of independent assortment
37
centrimorgan (cM)
linkage recombination is a distance between genes and 1% is linkage
38
pedigree analysis
individuals arranged in generations circles are female and squares are male
39
what kind of autosomal mutations like to skip generations
recessive
40
T/F: dominant mutations can skip generations
false
41
sex-linked inheritance
genes located on the x chromosome - males much more suseptible because they only have 1 x - can be dominant or recessive
42
evolution requires
1. variation in population 2. mechanism for those variations to be reproduced 3. envirnmental constraints that favor some variations over others
43
differential reproduction
envirnmental conditions that allow favorable variations to be more readily reproduced
44
natural selection
tendency of certain phenotypes to be favored for reproduction - not same thing as evolution!
45
fitness
chance of reproduction associated with phenotype compared to a baseline - must be determined in terms of specific envirnmental constrains
46
group selection
natural selection acted on level of group
47
inclusive fitness
expanded evolutionary definition of fitness to account for individuals and their relatives that share same alleles
48
altruistic behavior
it is advantagous for an individual to engage in altruistic behavior or even self sacrifice to ensure the survival of more copies of the gene
49
gene pool
combined set of all genes and alleles in a population
50
hardy-weinberg equillibrium criteria
model of stable gene pools 1. diploid individuals reproduce sexually 2. mating is random 3. population is large 4. alleles are randomly distributed by sex 5. no mutations occur 6. there is no migration into or out of the population
51
hardy-weinberg eqn
p + q = 1 P^2 + 2pq + q ^2 = 1
52
what do p^2 and q^2 represent
homozygous genotypes
53
2pq
frequency of heterozygotes
54
a population has a 9% homozygous recessive trait, what % have the homozygous dominant?
P + q =1 sqr (.09) = .3 so 1-.3 =.7 so .7^2 = 49%
55
polygenic
many genes go into a phenotype example: height
56
stabilizing selection
the median phenotype is selected for
57
disruptive selection
selection against the average phenotype, favors both extremes
58
directional selection
1 extreme is favored
59
genetic drift
role of chance in determining reproductive fitness
60
evolutionary bottleneck
external event dramatically decreases population size in a way that is essentially random
61
speciation
new species evolves from evolution
62
species
a group that can reproduce together and produce fertile offspring
63
prezygotic barriers
prevent speciation from occuring before the formation of a zygote ecological niches incompatible anatomy temporal/seasonal mating differences inability to fertalize after intercourse
64
postzygotic barriers
after the formation of a zygote nonviable zygote hybrid breakdown
65
hybrid breakdown
hybrid is fertile but not in second generation
66
leakage
genes travel between species

MCAT bio (12 decks)

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