musculoskeletal system and skin Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
types of connective tissue
A
bone, blood, muscle, fat
- cartilage
2
Q
cartilage
A
type of connective tissue that is made of CHONDROCYTES which produce collagen
3
Q
chondrocytes
A
cells of cartilage that produce collagen
4
Q
collagen
A
strucural protein found in EC of connective tissue
5
Q
ligaments
A
connect bone to bone
6
Q
tendons
A
connect bone to muscle
7
Q
axial skeleton
A
starts at skull and runs down vertebrae
8
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
upper and lower extremeties
9
Q
cervical spine
A
top
c1-c7
10
Q
thoracic spine
A
middle
t1 - t12
11
Q
lumbar spine
A
L1-L5
12
Q
long bones
A
bones in upper and lower extrememties
13
Q
diaphysis
A
long shaft (middle) of bone between 3 epiphysis
14
Q
joints
A
where bones meet
15
Q
synovial joints
A
bones meet in fibrous synovial cavity
- diathrosis (free movement)
16
Q
which joints are diathrosis
A
synovial
17
Q
fibrous joints
A
synathrosis (no movement)
18
Q
cartilagenous joints
A
amphiathroisis (little movement)
19
Q
exoskeleton of insects
A
formed from a polymer of chitin ; N - acetylglucosamine
20
Q
functions of blood
A
- regulates blood calcium levels
- produce new blood cells in bone marrow
21
Q
matrix of bone
A
water. collagen, minerals
22
Q
cellular components of bone
A
osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteogenic stem cell, osteoblast
23
Q
function of bone
A
regulate calcium/ phopshate levels
produce new blood cells in BM
24
Q
osteoblasts
A
produce hydroxyapatite and depsot into bone matrix
- build bone
25
osteoclasts
break down bone
- increase blood calcium levels
26
osteocytes
inactivated osteoblasts
27
PTH
increses blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity and decreasing osteoblast
28
calcitrol
derivative of vitamin D that increases blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity
29
calcitonin
antagonist to calcitrol and PTH
- decreases blood calcium by decreasing osteoclast activtiy
30
compact bone
cortical bone
- hard and stiff outer layer of most bone
31
cancelloous bone
spongey bone
- less dense interior of bone
32
bone marro
location of hematopoeisis
- red and white blood cells
yellow bone marrow --> fat
33
muscle types
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
34
myocytes. myofibers
muscle cells made up of myofibrils (actin and myosin)
35
sarcomeres
repeating unnit of muscle with thick and thin filament
36
sarcoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle, stores calcium inside the cell
- mediates transmission of nerve impuslses and is in contact with t tubules
37
myoglobin
red colored protein that stores oxygen in myocytes
- has greater bonding affinity for O2 than hemoglobin
38
T tubules
projection from the sarcolemma (membrane). tjat reaches toward the middld of the cell and has ion channels for rapid AP
- initiate muscle contraction
39
what system innervates skeletal muscle
somatic nervous system
- under concious control
40
skeletal muscle striated or no
striated
thin filiments are light, thick are dark
41
skeletal muscle mononucleated or multinucleated
multi, immature cells fuse together
42
types of skeletal muscle fibers
white and red
43
red fibers
lots of mitochondria
- good for long distance
- lots of o2 from a lot of myoglobin
- perfer oxidative metabolism
44
white fibers
- less mit and myoglobin
- perfer anerobic metabolism
- short bursts of E
45
smooth muscle
innervated by autonomic nervous system so involuntary control
- no striations
- mononucleated
- involved in peristalsis
46
cardiac muscle
intercalated junctions (gap junctions)
- involuntary control
- striated
- branched cells
47
intercalated discs
gap juncitons that connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells for rapid action potential
48
myogenic activity
ability of a muscle to contract without nervous stimulation in response to other stimuli like stretchin
-smooth and cardiac muscle can do
- SA node
49
sliding filament theory
myosin filaments use energy from ATP to “walk” along the actin filaments with their cross bridges
- pull actin closer together
- The movement of the actin filaments also pulls the Z lines closer together, thus shortening the sarcomere.
50
myofibrils
long linear muscle fibers composed of alternating thick and thin filament
51
sarcomere
unit of contraction
- contain a thick fiber and 2 half thin fibers that over lap
52
M line
middle of sarcomere
- runs through middle of thick filament
53
Z line
defines the ends of the sarcomere
- runs through the thin band
54
I band
region where only thin filament is
55
A band
thick and thin over lap
56
h zone
only thick filament
57
which regions of sarcomere have no overlap
H zone and I badn
58
what happens to M line during contraction
M lines of adjacent sarcomeres move closer together
59
what happens to Z line during contraction
Z lines move closer together
60
what happens to A band during contraction
nothing bc not compressed
61
what happens to I band during contraction
shrinks because of overlap
62
what happes to H zone during contraction
shrinks becusae overlap
63
cross bridge cycling
actin and myosin slide past eachother
power stroke force of contrction
64
myosin heads
project from thick filament and have an atp binding site, and an actin binding site
65
what does absense of calcium do to actin
it blocks the myosin binding site via tropomyosin
66
tropomyosin
blocks atp from binding to myosin in the absense of calcium
67
how do myosin and actin dissociate after contractio
atp. is required to bind to the myosin head, which releases actin and atp is hydrolyzzed
- myosin goes into cocked positiion
68
cocked myosin position
after atp is hydrolyzed, can weakly imteract with actin, tropomyosin rebinds to actin
69
what removes tropomyosin from actin
ca binds to troponin and causes tropomyosin to dissociate
70
power stroke
myosin and actin bind and there is a confirmational change when Pi is released , ADP is released and actin and myosin are stuck togethre untila nother atp comes in
71
neurotrasmitter released at NMJ
acetocholine
72
motor unit
muscle cells innervated by a single motor neuron
73
rigor mortis
when someone is dead and all muscles contracted becaue there is no atp to deteach filaments
74
where does ach bind on muscle cell
receptors on sarcolemma , which then depolarizes
75
what happens when action potential reaches the sarcolemma
it causes release of ca2+ and binds to troponin, to allow myosin and actin to cross cycle and contract
76
twitch
isolated contraction
77
summation
more coordinated contraction
- contraction becomes stronger with time
78
tetnus
maximum contraction for a period of time
79
acetylcholinesteras
breaks down excess ach and ecnourages relaxation
80
build up of what occurs with extensive anerobic muscle metabolism
lactic acid
81
layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
82
layers of epidermis
Come Lets Get Some Beer
83
stratum corneum
layers of dead karatinocytes
84
stratum spinocum and basale
make keratinocytes
85
langherhans cells
antigen presening dendritic cells of the spinosum
86
melanocytes
pigment , protect from UV
87
merkel cells
mechanoreceptors in stratum basale that detect deep touch
88
dermis
vascular , hair follicles, sweat glands , ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles, meisner corpuscles
89
ruffini endings
sense stretching
90
pancian corpuscles
deep vibration and pressure
91
meisner corpuscles
gentle touch
92
hypodermis
lots of fat for protection
- macropgahges
93
thermoregulation of skin
layer of fat in hypodermis
sweat glands cool
vasodilation and constriction
piloerection (goose bumps)
