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Year 2 > Block 10 Formative > Flashcards

Block 10 Formative Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

What determines the excitability of nerve and muscle cells?

A

Levels of K+ in the blood

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2
Q

Difference between afferent and efferent arteriole

A

Efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter

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3
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin 2 in kidney arterioles?

A

Stimulates release of NO in afferent arteriole for vasodilation.

Induces vasoconstriction in EFFERENT arteriole.

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4
Q

Site of bicarbonate reabsorption

A

Majorly: PCT

Lesser extent by intercalated cells of collecting duct and DCT

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5
Q

Ionised antibiotic with rapid clearance by kidneys

A

Gentamycin- aminoglycoside which is given for gram-negative bacterial infection. It can lead to ototoxicity and kidney damage. Clearance is dependant on kidney function.

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6
Q

Effect of lithium in the kidney

A

Free drug absorbed in the GI tract. In the kidney, it substitutes for Na+ in sodium channels. It has a low therapeutic index.

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7
Q

Level of renal artery

A

L1-L2

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8
Q

Where does E.Coli spread from to cause UTI?

A

Anus to urethra

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9
Q

Osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol which elevate blood plasma osmolality as a treatment for increased intraocular pressure and cerebral oedema.

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10
Q

Most common cause of nephritic syndrome

A

Glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

Normal variant in urine

A

Hyaline cast found in healthy individuals who may be dehydrated or undergoing strenuous exercise.

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12
Q

Most reliable guide for presence of bacterial infection in urine

A

Nitrite which cause NO3-> N02 catalysed by nitrite reductase

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13
Q

When are nitrites falsely negative?

A

Patients taking
Vitamin C
Low bacteria levels
Bacterial in ifection caused by non-nitrate reducing bacteria

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14
Q

Cause of obstruction at the vesico-ureteric junction

A

Bladder cancer

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15
Q

Cause of obstruction at the bladder outflow

A

BPH

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16
Q

Imaging technique to view kidney pathology

A

Ultrasound

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17
Q

What is an important indicator for glomerular filtration rate?

A

Para aminohippurate clearance

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18
Q

What is an important indicator for renal function?

A

Creatinine clearance

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19
Q

Level of kidney

A

T12-L3

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20
Q

What prevents ascent of the kidney in development?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

Common type of bladder cancer

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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22
Q

Effect of gentamycin

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic which causes apoptosis of renal epithelial cells leading to AKI

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23
Q

IgA nephropathy

A

Occurs 1-2 DAYS after infection where haematuria and mesanglial cells hyperproliferating develops

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24
Q

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Infection with streptococcus pyogenes. Develops after WEEKS with haematuria.

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25
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Immune complex IgG, IgM and C deposition in the glomeruli. Follows signs of haematuria + proteinuria.
26
CRP
C-reactive protein which is a marker of inflammation
27
Albumin levels in inflammation
Levels decrease due to leakage into the capillary space
28
Structure in the kidneys which detects changes in salt concentration
Macula densa
29
Baroreceptors in the kidney
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
30
Hypocalcaemia signs
Perioral paraesthesia, cramps, tetany and convulsions
31
Lobe of prostate affected in BPH
Median lobe of prostate
32
Cells affected in renal cell carcinoma
Proximal renal tubular epithelium
33
Role of GnRH agonists
Treatment of prostate cancer to suppress GnRH and LH production. Briefly causes an increase in the size of the prostate.
34
Horse shoe kidney
Kidneys are fused on the lower base and cross in the lower aorta
35
Features of minimal change disease
Fusion of podocytes
36
Aldosterone's target action
DCT and collecting duct
37
ECG sign of hyperkalemia
Tall tented T waves Small or absent P waves and Wide QRS complex Sinusoidal waveform
38
Treatment of diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin
39
Action of angiotensin II
Vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
40
Function of thiazide diuretics
Hypercalciuria and renal stones
41
Largest zone of prostate gland
Peripheral zone
42
Effect of heparin
Hyperkalemia
43
Greatest osmolarity in loop of Henle
Tip of loop of henle
44
Effect of muscle damage on kidneys
Rhabdomyolysis is breakdown of muscle tissue and causes renal tubular necrosis
45
Measure of renal function
Insulin
46
Bladder carcinoma linked to smoking
Transitional cell carcinoma
47
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Persistent activation of alternative complement pathway
48
Nephrotic syndrome- considerations
Loss of albumin in urine creates hypercoagulable state because anti-thrombin and heparin rely on this to prevent clotting.
49
Types of jaundice
Obstructive jaundice Hepatocellular jaundice Haemolytic jaundice
50
Effect of insulin on ion levels
Causes a decrease of intracellular K+ levels
51
Effect of loop diuretics on ions
Increased urination causes loss of Na+, K+, H20.
52
Majority of Na+ absorption in the nephron
Ascending limb of loop of Henle (25%) Majority in PCT
53
Action of osmotic diuretics
Mannitol, urea, glycin Act on the parts of the nephron permeable to water such as the PCT, descending loop of Henle and collectind duct. Increases solute concentration to increase water retention for urination -> Major loss of ions such as nNa+, Mg2+, Ca2+. K+.
54
Action of Furosemide loop diuretics
Inhibit Na+/ K+/ Ca2+ co transporter in ascending loop of Henle -> may induce renin release due to low volume
55
Thiazide diuretic
Thiazide inhibits Na+/Ca2+ transporter. Promotes urea reabsorption in PCT and may lead to uric acid increase and gout.
56
Location of water absorption
PCT
57
What interferes with PSA levels?
Vigorous exercise
58
Which vitamin can cause kidney stone formation?
Vitamin C promotes calcium oxolate formation -> minorly Vitamin D because it promotes hypercalcieuria
59
What is the range of BP that does NOT affect renal blood flow?
80-180 mmHg -> Beyond this, GFR is affected
60
Which region of the kidney do carcinomas arise?
PCT
61
Which medication should be stopped in AKI?
Diuretics because they worsen renal function
62
Type of bladder cancer in Schistosomiasis hematobomium
Squamous cell carcinoma
63
Features of dehydration
Metabolic acidosis Rising haematocrit High Na+ levels
64
What is a hyaline cast?
Formed of Tamms-Hormsfall protein present in urine after exercsie, fever, dehydration or use of loop diuretics
65
Kidney disease with high phospholipase A2
Membranous glomerulonephritis
66
Which ions must be monitored in AKI?
K+ and H+ in DCT and collecting duct
67
Affected chromosome in polycystic kidney disease
Chromosome 16 and causes berry aneurysms in the brain which rupture and subarachnoid haemorrhage
68
Effect of Na+ in nephrotic syndrome
Low
69
Lobes affected in BPH
Lateral and middle
70
How does venous blood affect RAAS?
Longer time for baroreceptors to respond
71
How does arterial blood affect RAAS?
RAAS system responds immediately to drop in BP
72
What affects clearance of substance in kidney nephron?
Diffusivity across basement membrane
73
Cells that produce renin
Juxtaglomerular cells
74
Which part of the kidney is affected in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Vasopressin receptor
75
What are the common species involved in pyelonephritis infection?
Enterococci, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Staphylococci
76
What is the cause of stress incontinence?
Weakness of pelvic muscles or urinary bladder sphicnter
77

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