Block 9 Week 4 Flashcards by Sumaya L

Diagnosis of Malaria

Rapid Diagnostic test

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Aspergilloma

Pathogenic mould which causes a Fungal ball containing debris and mucus in the lungs

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Onycomychosis

Fungal nail infection

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Chondroma

Benign tumours found in the cartilage of the hands and feet

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Histogenesis

Differentiation of cells into specialised tissues and organs during growth

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Malaria life cycle

Exo-erythrocytic stage, erythrocytic stage and sporogonic stage which takes 48 hrs

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Variolation

Enhancing immunity by taking substances from infected patients like pus or dried mucus to give to non-infected patients

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Which virus has been successfully eradicated?

Smallpox

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Which layer of the skin is dermatophyses present?

Stratum corneum

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Invasive intestinal ameobiasis

Dysentery and colitis due to mucosal invasion

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Ecchinocus granulosus

Cestode which Causes Hyatid disease from dog faeces to -> cattle

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Leishmaniasis

Caused by female phlebotomine sandflies with sores at bite location. It classified based on location.
Visceral, Cutaneous and

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Anaplastic

Highly undifferentiated, loss of polarity, pleomorphism, abnormal nuclear morphology

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Coccidiodes immitis

Dimorphic fungi

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Bilharzia

AKA Schistosomiasis, a type of trematode (fluke) which can lead to anaemia, learning difficulties

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Examples of nematode

Soil transmitted helminths such as
Ascaris, filiaril roundworms, draculunculus, trichuris trichuria. Matures in the large intestine and causes weight loss, nausea and GI symptoms

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Taeniasis

Parasitic cestode (tapeworm) infection found in infected meat such as beef or pork. Causes cysterocisis in localised organs such as the brain.

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Metaplasia

Differentiation from one cell type to another due to environmental stressor

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Inflammatory infectious conditions that are a sporadic cause of cancer

Hep B:liver cancer
inflammatory bowel disease: bowel cancer
H.pylori: stomach cancer

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Pleomorphism

Variation in size and shape

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Regulatory genes for cell division

Tumour suppression genes
Apoptosis
Repair gene DNA
proto-oncogenes

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Transfer of specific gamma globulins

Tetanus, gangrene, snake bite, Hep B, rabies

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Transfer of serum gamma globulins

Maternal antibodies, hypogammaglobinumia

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Trichomoniasis

STI parasite caused by infection in the vagina

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Ascariasis

Caused by nematode (roundworm) in the soil . They mature in the lungs and ascend bronchial tree causing cough to be swallowed which live in the small intestine for up to 2 years

Leiomyoma

Benign smooth muscle tumour

Non pathogenic gut parasites

Lodamoeba butschilli, entamoeba histolytica, entamoeba coli, endolimax nana

Hamartoma

Benign overgrowth of cells and tissues in a given area. It can undergo malignant transformation.

Elephantitis

Caused by nematode filiaris which causes hardening and thickening of the skin

Uncomplicated malaria

Fever, chills, sweating

Effect of cancer

Reduces angiogenesis

Replication of parasite inside Anopheles

Sexual reproduction

Tinea pedis

Fungal infection in foot

Effect of azole

Causes liver damage

Stage of malaria which causes clinical symptoms

Erythrocytic stage

Helicobacter pylori- cancer

Produces urease -> ammonia + CO2. Ammonia is a carcinogen to cells and causes gastric carcinoma

Routes of metastasis

Haematogenous (blood) Lymphatic Transcoelomic via body cavities

Dracunculus medinensis parasite

Guinea worm disease where it Migrates through subcutaneous tissue causing severe joint pain and emerges in the feet

Cancer stage

Spread of tumour

Giardasis

Parasitic disease which causes diarrhoea

Hypersensitivity to fungi

Asthma and farmer's lung

Exo-erythrocytic stage

Sporozoites infect hepatocytes and mature into schizonts which rupture and release merozoites

Epstein-Barr virus

Herpes virus 4 which induces excess production of WBC and leads to fever, swollen lymph nodes. It is linked to lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancers

Which type of plasmodium emerges from the liver cells?

Merozoites

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Regulate the cell cycle

Hepatitis B- cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Choristoma

Benign tumour where normal tissue is in a foreign site

South African Trypanosomiasis

Faeces of blood sucking triatomine insect

Cancer

Malignant tumour/neoplasm

Barrett's oesophagus

Metaplasia due to GI reflux so squamous -> columnar with goblet cells

GUinea worm disease

Dracunculus medinensis

Types of metaplasia

Squamous and glandular

Schistosoma

Trematode (Fluke) Mansoni, jepacium affect intestines, hematobium affects bladder. Caused by swimming in fresh water that leads to inflammation and scarring.

River blindness

Caused by onchocerciasis

Pykonsis

Shrinkage of nucleus due to necrosis

Karryolysis

Dissolution of the nucleus

Karryorhexis

Fragmentation of cell nucleus

How is HIV-1 gene expression from CD4+ T cells reduced?

Histone deacetylation

HPV

Double stranded DNA virus

SARS-CO2

Positive single strand RNA virus

How does SARS-COV2 infect?

Uses the spike protein to bind to the ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme) receptor present on the heart and kidney cells leading to severe thrombotic disease

What are the types of COVID 19 vaccines generated?

Artificially producing synthetic mRNA corresponding to the spike Isolating source of SARS-COV2 spike genetic material

What is produced in the sexual reproduction of fungi?

Hyphae and spores

Coccidiodes immitis

Dimorphic fungi

Tinea versicolour

Superficial mycoses of fungi which interferes with skin pigmentation, leading to rash and skin flaking

Eukaryotic parasites

Protozoa, helminths and arthopods

How do anti-helminths work?

Target the adult non-proliferating organisms

How do helminths lay eggs?

Carbohydrate metabolism and microtubule integrity

How do helminths move food in their digestive tract?

Neuromuscular co-ordination

What form of malaria is ingested by a parasite during a blood meal?

Gametocytes

What is the sporogonic cycle?

Replication of parasite in the mosquito

Quartern malaria

Every 3-4 days for falciparum and malariae

Tertiary malaria

Every 2-3 days for ovale and vivax

Teratoma

Tumour which arises from all embryological germ layers

Which tumours use haematogenous spread?

Liver and lung cancer via venous drainage

Histological grade

Scale of 1-3 Score 1: Small nuclei and slightly bigger cell Score 2: Larger cells than normal with prominent open vesicular nuclei Score 3: Vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli

Vesicular nuclei

Large nuclei

Temperature for conscious intelligence

35 to 45 degrees

Tympanic membrane monitor

Infared measurement of eardrum temp

Part of the hypothalamus for temp

Anterior hypothalamus

What is a common heart irregularity in hypothermic patients?

J wave caused by displacement of ST segment due to ventricular fibrillation

Nodule

Growth of abnormal tissue which creates a lump under the skin

Wheal

Raised itchy rash

Block 9 Week 4 Flashcards

(84 cards)