Block 2 More

Question 1

What is most common cause of sub fertility?

Answer 1

Endometritis

Question 2

What are the 3 anatomical barrier to protect against endometritis?

Answer 2

Vulva
v-v sphincter
Cervix

Question 3

how is endometritis diagnosed?

Answer 3

Uterine cytology via double guarded swab and brush

Question 4

On diagnosis of endometritis, what must you order?

Answer 4

Both culture AND cytology

Question 5

When do you treat endometritis?

Answer 5

Treat during estrus or induce estrus (PGF) at start of treatment

Question 6

What are the 3 approaches to treating endometritis?

Answer 6

Correction of anatomical defects
Avoid reinfection
Mechanical removal of microorganisms

Question 7

What type of antibiotics do you give to treat endometritis?

Answer 7

Systemic

Question 8

What antibiotic do you use to treat fungal endometritis (they’re worse)

Answer 8

Fluconazole

Question 9

What percent of intact females develop pyometra by 10?

Answer 9

23%

Question 10

What are the 3 criteria that ensures its the uterus, not the ureters?

Answer 10

Blood supply is parallel to tube
Does it bifurcate at body of uterus
Does it have an ovary

Question 11

IS there an increase in risk doing an ovariectomy for pyos as compared to ovariohisterectomies?

Answer 11

NO!!

Question 12

What is a complete hysterectomy?

Answer 12

Removal of uterine horn and cervix but leaves ovaries.

Saves hormones
Still risk of stump pyo and mammary tumors

Question 13

Disadvantages of complete hysterectomy

Answer 13

Continued heat cycles
False pregnancies
Ovary tumors

Question 14

What 4 things increase the risk for RFM?

Answer 14

Abnormal deliveries
Infectious diseases
Twins
Induced parturition

Question 15

When is a placenta considered retained in a cow?

Answer 15

8-12 hours

Question 16

This is a long one but:
What is the sequelae of RFM?

Answer 16

Delayed uterine involution
>Prolonged time to 1st service
>Decreased pregnancy rates
>Increased services per conception
>Increased days open

Question 17

When is considered RFM in a horse?

Answer 17

3 hours
Clinical signs in < 8

Question 18

What is a large sequelae of equine RFM?

Answer 18

Endotoxemia leading to laminitis

Question 19

How many units of oxytocin should a horse be give?

Answer 19

2-5 units

Question 20

What systemic therapies can be given to a horse? (4)

Answer 20

Antibiotics
NSAIDs
Laminitis prevention
Uterine lavage (2x/day)

Question 21

When do sheep and goat most commonly have RFM?

Answer 21

With brucella infection

Question 22

What is endometritis?

Answer 22

Inflammation of lining of uterus (prepartum)

Question 23

What is metritis?

Answer 23

Inflammation in all layers of uterus (post partum)

Question 24

What is pyometra

Answer 24

Pus filled uterus

Question 25

What are the 3 bacteria of toxic metritis?

Answer 25

Trueperella pyogenes Fusobacterium Bacteroides

Question 26

What is the treatment for toxic metritis?

Answer 26

Systemic antibiotics

Question 27

What are 3 hallmark signs of metritis in small animals?

Answer 27

Red Watery Rank

Question 28

What is SIPS

Answer 28

Subinvolution of placental sites

Question 29

What occurs in SIPs?

Answer 29

Vulvar discharge in postpartum bitch 6-12 weeks after calving (not smelly)

Question 30

Is SIPS ok?

Answer 30

Yeah, just annoying

Question 31

What may be seen in SIPS?

Answer 31

Trophoblastic cells

Question 32

What percentage of body weight is blood volume?

Answer 32

8%

Question 33

What are the normal physiological compensation mechanisms to hypovolemia?

Answer 33

Increased HR

Question 34

How much oxygen is extracted from each hemoglobin in a horse at rest?

Answer 34

3%

Question 35

What biomarkers fall with whole blood loss? Which one increases?

Answer 35

Decreased proteins Increased lactate

Question 36

What percent of blood loss is concerning?

Answer 36

30%

Question 37

What do you do before 30% blood loss?

Answer 37

Give shock dose of crystalloid @ 20mL/kg

Question 38

What are the 2 treatments fr lepto?

Answer 38

Penicillin and doxycycline

Question 39

Which antibiotic does not eliminate the carrier state?

Answer 39

Penicillin (ampicillin)

Question 40

Which antibiotics do eliminate the carrier state?

Answer 40

Doxy and erythromycin

Question 41

How long should treatment continue?

Answer 41

4 weeks

Question 42

What type of bacteria is pyelonephritis usually caused by?

Answer 42

Gram-negative

Question 43

How long should treatment continue continue with pyelonephritis?

Answer 43

4-6 weeks (Urine taken 3-7 days after stopping treatment)

Question 44

What antibiotic is contraindicated in puppies ad why?

Answer 44

Doxy for turning teeth yellow

Question 45

What can be given if there is gastric reflux?

Answer 45

Proton pump antagonists

Question 46

What is a common secondary disease associated with AKI?

Answer 46

Pancreatitis

Question 47

What is really important in managing AKI?

Answer 47

Feeding (enteral feeding may be necessary)

Question 48

When should hypertension associated with AKI be treated?

Answer 48

Above 180

Question 49

What is a good drug to reduce the hypertension?

Answer 49

Amlodipine

Question 50

What type of drugs are avoided during AKI due to decreased renal perfusion?

Answer 50

ACE and ARB

Question 51

Hyperkalemia can occur with AKI but usually when oliguric or anuric

Question 52

What is mild hyperkalemia?

Answer 52

6.5-7

Question 53

What is moderate hyperkalemia?

Answer 53

7-8

Question 54

What is severe hyperkalemia?

Answer 54

>8

Question 55

Action potentials are ____ to generate with hypokalemia

Answer 55

Harder

Question 56

_____ affects resting potential

Answer 56

Potassium

Question 57

______ affects threshold

Answer 57

Calcium

Question 58

After treatment for hyperkalemia, what is it that needs to be done to return potassium to normal levels (not just intracellular/extracellular levels)

Answer 58

Urine production Even a small amount will get it within normal limits

Question 59

What can severe azotemia cause to the mucous membranes?

Answer 59

xerostomia

Question 60

What should you do if you suspect over hydration?

Answer 60

Furosemide

Question 61

How much is lost in respiratory losses?

Answer 61

22 mL/kg/day

Question 62

How much fluid is lost in urine?

Answer 62

1-2mL /kg/hr

Question 63

How do you calculate fluid based on % dehydration?

Answer 63

% dehydration x kg

Question 64

How fast should you rehydrate something?

Answer 64

Over 6-12 hours

Question 65

What is the maintanece fluid therapy?

Answer 65

66 mL/kg/day OR Dog: 140 x kg^0.75 Cat: 80 x kg^0.75

Question 66

How do you make a fluid plan?

Answer 66

Correct the dehydration + Provide maintenance + replace on-going losses (V, D, polyuria)

Question 67

DONT FORGET TO DIVIDE BY 24 FOR THE HOURS IN THE DAY!!

Question 68

What does a cat with pyuria, bacteruria, and azotemia have?

Answer 68

Pyelonephritis

Question 69

What vomit center is activated with AKI?

Answer 69

Central

Question 70

Why is it centrally mediated?

Answer 70

Uremic toxins!

Question 71

What does c/d diet stand for?

Answer 71

Cystitis diet

Question 72

What does k/d diet stand for?

Answer 72

Kidney diet (phosphate and protein restricted. Increased Omega 3)

Question 73

What does mertazepine do in dogs and cats?

Answer 73

Appetite stimulant