Cattle Diseases Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Is papple shape abnormal for jersey cows?
A
No
2
Q
What does a reverse D contour usually mean?
A
Bloat
3
Q
What does a pear contour usually mean?
A
Ascites or intestinal obstruction
4
Q
What does a papple contour usually mean?
A
Abomasa impaction
5
Q
What does beef BCS go to?
A
1-9
6
Q
What does dairy BCS go to?
A
1-5
7
Q
If a dairy cow has a V from pin to hook what body condition score does that mean?
A
<3
8
Q
If a dairy cow has a U from pin to hook what body condition score does that mean?
A
> 3.25
9
Q
What nerve does spastic peresis affect?
A
Tibial nerve (common in calves)
10
Q
If the dew claw is close to the ground on a functional leg, what does that mean?
A
Shows chronicity
11
Q
What is the lameness score through?
A
1-5
12
Q
What is 1?
A
Normal
13
Q
What is 2?
A
Mild lameness
Standing - level back
Walking - arches back
14
Q
What is 3?
A
Moderate lameness
Arches back standing and walking
15
Q
What is 4?
A
Lame
Above + favors one or more feet
16
Q
What is 5?
A
Severe lameness
3 legged lame
17
Q
Which legs see the most lameness?
A
rear
18
Q
Where is most the lameness?
A
90% in foot
19
Q
What may teats pointing out indicate?
A
Rupture of suspensory ligament
20
Q
What does a black plate test test for?
A
Clinical mastitis
21
Q
What does CMT test for?
A
Subclinical mastitis
22
Q
What should be the last part of the physical exam?
A
Usually the udder exam
23
Q
What are 3 reasons to wear gloves when examining the udder?
A
Dont transfer staph
Easily clean gloves
Setting an example
24
Q
How much reagent do you use for a CMT?
A
Equal milk and reagent
25
What are the 5 different scores for CMT?
Negative, trace, 1, 2, 3
26
When should CMT score be done?
At the beginning of milking
27
Is an exploratory laparotomy diagnostic or therapeutic?
Diagnostic (but can be both and prognostic)
28
What are the 7 (sorry) indications for exploratory laparotomy?
Abdominal pain
No feces for >24hrs
Abnormal abdominal contour
Low chloride
Blood in feces
Ping
High lactate
29
Can an RDA be fixed from the left flank? right flank?
Not from left
Yes from right
30
Can a RAV be fixed from the left flank? right flank?
Not from left
Yes from right
31
Can hardware disease be diagnosed from right?
Yes (not from left)
32
Basically, unless its an LDA, approach from the right flank for an exploratory
33
What bacteria is wooden tongue?
Actinobacillosis
34
What bacteria is lumpy jaw?
Actinomycosis
35
What can salivation (ptyalism) cause?
Acidosis
36
What can stomatitis be caused by?
Viral, physical, or chemical injury
Grasses with foxtails, cactus, etc
37
What is clinical sign of actinobacillosis ligneresii (wooden tongue)?
Tongue thickened, hard, protruding from mouth
38
How to treat actinobacillus ligneresii?
Penecillin G and sodium iodide
39
What is full name of actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)?
Actinomycosis bovis
40
What are clinical signs of actinomycosis bovis?
Hard, non-painful swelling of the bone
41
What causes actinomycosis bovis?
Damage to oral mucosa allowing access to deep tissue
42
How to treat actinomycosis bovis?
Penicillin and sodium iodide
43
What is another name for necrotic laryngitis?
Calf-diptheria
44
What is calf-diphtheria?
infection of laryngeal and tracheal mucosae and cartilage
45
What is the bacteria that causes calf diphtheria?
Fusobacterium necophorum
46
What is the age for calf diphtheria?
3-20m
47
T/F: Wooden tongue is associated with lesions of the tongue caused by consumption of scabrous feeds?
True
48
Wooden tongue is characterized by which of the following?
Initial cellulitis by development of pyogranulomas
49
The term ptyalism means which of the following
Excessive salivation
50
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why cows with wooden tongue have difficulty swallowing?
Cows with wooden tongue are very painful due to swelling, inflammation and contraction of the muscles attached to the hyoid apparatus
51
Which of the following statements are true?
Wooden tongue responds to aggressive therapy whereas lumpy jaw does not
52
Atypical actinobacilloisis refers to cattle with infections in the?
Anywhere in the body except for th tongue
53
Lumpy jaw is characterized by which of the following?
A hard, non-painful swelling of the mandible
54
Caudal pharyngeal trauma is often the result of
Improper oral medication equipment
Consumption of foreign bodies
Poor quality hay with foxtails
55
Before evaluating a cow with a disease/disorder of the oral cavity which of the following should be ensured?
Ensure the cows head/neck are properly immobilized to prevent injury to you or the cow
56
Which of the following surgical approaches are most appropriate to with retropharygeal abscesses
Cow in lateral recumbence, place needle into abscess and dissect down the needle until you can open abscess and marsupialize it to skin
57
Calf diphtheria (necrotic laryngitis) is commonly associated with which of the following?
Recently weaned calf that calls for his mother constantly
Young calf recently infected with respiratory virus (IBR)
Calf that developed histophilus somnii septicemia and was bacteremic
58
The most appropriate approach to working up a necrotic laryngitis case is to?
Place tracheotomy tube, allow calf to relax, regain oxygenation and then restrain for endoscopic exam
59
Which of the common clinical signs listed below are associate with necrotic laryngitis (calf diphtheria)
Fever
60
You are asked by a producer to provide input into a young beef heifer with hand, swollen tongue that started 42 hr ago. They would like to know what treatment is most effective with the shortest withdraw time. Which of the following would be most effective in this case?
Sodium iodide IV. Withdraw 14 days
61
What are the most common things to cause chock in cows?
Hedge apples
62
What is the most serious/life threatening complication with choke?
Free gas bloat
63
What is a major risk with rumen trocar?
Peritonitis
64
What are 3 things that lead to primary rumenoreticular dysfunction (indigestion)?
Poor quality feed
Spoiled feed
Acidosis
65
How many contractions are in a cow's contraction cycle?
2
66
What is a primary contraction?
1/minute.
Runs caudally from reticulum through dorsal then ventral rumen sacs
67
What is a secondary contraction?
Runs caudal to cranial to push gas cap into cardia
68
What are 4 inhibitory inputs for primary contractions?
High tension in reticulum
Tension in abomasum
Epithelial VFA receptors in rumen
Pain
69
What is an important excitatory input?
Buccal receptors in mouth that respond to chewing
70
What does vagal indigestion mean?
A group of motor disturbances that hinder passage of ingests from the rumenoreticulum or abomasum or both
71
Which branch of the vagus nerve is the rumen innervated by?
Dorsal branch
72
Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the omasum and abomasum?
Ventral branch
73
What is omasal transport failure?
Vagal indigestion from an empty omasum and abomasum
Rumen has poor water absorption leading to hypovolemia even though cows will continue to drink
Leads to "L" or "papple" shape
74
What is pyloric functional stenosis?
Accumulation of ingesta in omasum and abomasum
75
What is caused by pyloric functional stenosis?
Internal vomiting causing increased rumen chloride
76
What is rumen drinking?
When a neonate has a large disruption in the esophageal groove causing rank rumens
77
What are the 3diseases within hardware disease?
traumatic reticulitis
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Traumatic reticulopericarditis
78
Avoid breaking down adhesions unless they are a problem
79
What is a good antibiotic to use with hardware disease once hardware is removed?
Oxytet
80
What is difference between bloat and rumen distention?
Bloar will have reverse D because air goes high on the left side and pushed up
Rumen distension is just a full rumen and will push out (papple)
81
What is bloat caused by (simply)
Inability to eructate, not too much gas production
82
What are 2 types of bloat?
Free gas bloat
Frothy bloat
83
What is something that can cause free gas bloat?
Vagal indigestion
(a lot of other things too)
84
How do you differentiate free gas bloat from frothy bloat/
Passage of NG tube
85
What is frothy bloat?
Gas bubbles trapped in abnormally viscous rumen fluid
86
What diet enhances frothy bloat?
Lush (legume) or high concentrate diets (cereal)
87
What is pasture bloat?
Lush legume fields
88
What is feedlot bloat?
High concentrate diets
89
Cereal grains in feedlots are easily digestible because they are small and more bacteria can bind to them
90
What does the high proliferation of streptococcus bovis in cereal grains cause?
Slime/biofilm
91
When does feedlot bloat most commonly occur?
During the first few weeks of the diet
92
Is feedlot or pasture bloat more severe?
Pasture bloat
93
Is adding ionophores to decrease strep or lactobacillus an option?
Yes
94
What causes pasture bloat?
Ingestion of highly digestible, high protein forages
95
What plant has the highest risk of pasture bloat?
Alfalfa
96
How is frothy bloat treated?
Poloxalene (surfactant)
97
What is the cutoff for rumen acidosis?
pH of 6
98
What is the cause of acute acidosis?
Accidental ingestion of large amounts of grain
99
What are the 2 players in the maintanence of rumen pH?
Salivary buffer (alkalosis)
VFAs
100
What is SARA?
Sub acute ruminal acidosis
101
What is the bacteria associated with SARA?
S. bovis
102
What is the bacteria associated with acute luminal acidosis?
Lactobacillus
103
Which type of lactate can be measured?
L lactate
104
What is wrong with D lactate?
Not metabolized efficiently
105
Why does rumen sound very sloshy with acidosis?
A lot of water is pulled in to compensate for acidosis
106
What happens to papilla during acidosis?
Blunted
107
What is the sequelae of blunted papilla?
Bacteria entering bloodstream
108
What happens when bacteria enter bloodstream?
Liver abscesses
Endotoxemia
Laminitis
109
What may happen with liver abscesses?
Caval syndrome
110
What is cabal syndrome?
Bacteria enter liver and eventually into vena cava. Further bleeding into lungs
111
What is clinical sing of cabal syndrome?
bilateral nose bleed
112
Rumen microbiome is also disrupted from acidosis, what happens as a result?
Thiamine is not produced
113
What happens with thiamin not being produced?
Polioencephalomalacia!
114
What clinical signs associated with rumen motility are seen with SARA?
Decreased rumen motility
115
What is the treatment for acidosis?
Correct dehydration
Use magnesium hydroxide!
116
What is bad for acidosis?
Bicard!
117
Cows with DAs like hay over grain!!
118
What is are 2 ancillary tests to confirm a DA?
pH of fluid aspirated (liptack)
Abdominal ultrasound
119
Why is type 1 abomasa ulcer
Subclinical
120
What is type II abomasal ulcer
Bleeding abomasal ulcer
121
What is type III abomasal ulcer?
Perforating and have local peritonitis
122
What is type IV abomasal ulcer?
Perforating with diffuse peritonitis
123
Should you stop feeding milk during calf diarrhea?
NO!
124
What C. Perf type in calves often cause sudden death/?
Type C - Newport
Often blood
125
What is C perf type D?
Dublin
126
What days are calves affected with Rota?
3-5 daysW
127
What are clinical signs of Rota?
Large volume diarrhea
High morbitdity, low mortality
128
What days are calves affected with corona?
5-7
129
Is there blood in feces for crypto?
Sometimes
130
What is #1 cause of economic loss in calves <1?
Coccidiosis
131
Where do ostertagia type II live?
Abomasum
132
When do cows get Ostertagia type I?
First grazing season
133
When do cows get type II?
2nd grazing season
134
What is found on necropsy for ostertagia?
Moroccan leather GI
135
INFECTION DOES NOT EQUAL DISEASE
136
When do clinical signs arise in Ohio for ostertagia?
Late winter / early spring
137
What are 3 clinical signs of ostertagia
Bottle jaw
Weight loss
Liquid diarrhea
138
What is treatment for ostertagia?
Ivermectin
139
How is ostertagia diagnosed?
Increased abomasa pH
Plasma pepsinogen >3000
Negative of low # of strongyles
140
What is the agent that causes Johnes?
Mycobacterium avian paratuberculosis (MAP)
141
What is incubation of Johnes?
2-7 years
142
When are animals infected with Johnes?
Most at birth
143
What percent of dairies have Johnes?
70%
144
Can you detect Johnes on fecal culture or serology <2 years of age?
NOOOOOO
145
What are the clinical signs of Johnes?
Weight lost, normal appetite
Decreased milk production
Intermittent diarrhea
146
Johnes cows will have protein losing enteropathy!
Potential triggering agent for Chrohn's disease in susceptible individuals
147
What is shedding site of salmonella?
Gall bladder
148
Will salmonella calfs have bloody diarrhea?
Yes!
149
What can you give a salmonella cow?
Banamine
150
How do you diagnosis johns?
Fecal culture, PCR, serology
151
What is treatment for Johnes?
Euthanasia
152
What is chorioallantois
Vacular fetal membrane
153
What is amnion?
Fetal membrane that surrounds the fetus
154
How is the bovine placentone shape?
Multicotyledonary
155
How do you describe ruminant placentation?
Coyledonary and synepitheliochorial
156
What is embryonic death?
Prior to 42 days
157
What is most common cause of embryonic death?
Chromosomal abnormalities
158
What is fetal death?
>42 days
159
What is a stillbirth?
Delivery of a fully formed dead neonate
160
What is an abortion
Expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus before the fetus is viable
161
What is mummification?
No bacteria
162
What is maceration?
Bacterial infection
163
How do you get a mummified neonate out?
PGF2alpha
164
What are 5 routes of infection?
Respiratory
Oral
Transvaginal
Vector
Hematogenous
165
Fix it. Fridgerate it. Freeze it. Or Fro it away
166
What usually causes hydroallantois?
Inadequate number of caruncles
167
What causes hydramnios?
Fetus doesn't swallow enough
168
When do IBR abortions occur?
mid to late gestation
169
what are the 2 types of BVD?
Non-cytopathic
cytopathic
170
What type causes PI cows?
Non-cytopathic
171
When do BVD cows abort?
up to 100 days
172
When are PI cows formed?
100-183
173
Brucellosis is zoonotic! and causes abortion
174
How can you identify a brucellosis cow?
Not translucent placenta
175
How is campylobacter usually transmitted?
Venereal!
176
What does campylobacter look like?
Spots on the liver
177
Lepto is another cause of abortion
178
How is aspergillus infected in cattle?
Inhaled
179
What does the placenta of aspergillus abortions look like?
Thick and leathery
180
What cause major abortion storms?
Neospora caninum
181
How is tritrichomonas transmitted?
Venereal
182
What makes tritrichomonas abortions unique?
Abortions are early
183
How do you diagnose tritrichomnas?
InPouch TF
184
How do you test for tritrichomonas in a bull?
Insert pipette tester into urethral of bull
185
