block a lecture 1

Question 1

definition of pharmacology

Answer 1

deals with mechanisms of action, uses and unwanted effects of drugs on living tissues

Question 2

definition of drug

Answer 2

a substance that modifies the activity of living tissue

Question 3

definition of physiology

Answer 3

science of how living tissues function

Question 4

what is abnormal physiology also referred to as

Answer 4

pathophysiology

Question 5

what is therapeutics

Answer 5

study of the use of pharmacological agents in disease states

Question 6

what is pathology

Answer 6

study of the causes and effects of disease or injury

Question 7

what is an agonist

Answer 7

drugs or naturally occurring body substances that directly cause a measurable response

Question 8

what type of response do agonists cause

Answer 8

excitatory or inhibitory response depending on activator being activated

Question 9

what is the EC50 value

Answer 9

the conc of drug at half max. effective concentration

Question 10

what is the name of the response curve that can be generated on a semi log scale

Answer 10

sigmoidal dose response curve

Question 11

what does EC50 value mean if it is low

Answer 11

lower the value the more potent the drug

Question 12

what is pharmacological antagonism

Answer 12

when drugs counteract each other by acting on the same receptor type

Question 13

what is chemical antagonism

Answer 13

when one drug antagonises the action of another by chemically combining with it

Question 14

what is physiological antagonism

Answer 14

when two drugs counteract each other by producing opposing effects on different receptors

Question 15

in competitive antagonism what will increasing the agonist concentration do

Answer 15

restore the response

Question 16

how can you see competitive antagonism on a curve

Answer 16

right ward parallel shifts

Question 17

what is irreversible competitive antagonism

Answer 17

where the agonist binds with such high affinity it cannot be displaced

Question 18

what is non competitive antagonism

Answer 18

antagonist binds to a different site on the receptor from the agonist
therefore no competition takes part

Question 19

what is toxicology and when does it date to

Answer 19

toxic effects of drugs and environmental hazards
1400s paracelcus

Question 20

ideal size of therapeutic window and why

Answer 20

wide
so if slight error in dosing no adverse effects

Question 21

how can botulism be caused

Answer 21

eating contaminated food (incompletely sterilized canned or bottled foods)

Question 22

symptoms of botulism

Answer 22

muscle paralysis
resp failure
death

Question 23

how much pure botulinum toxin could kill millions

Answer 23

a teaspoon

Question 24

how does botulinum treat severe underarm sweating

Answer 24

sweating caused by Ach from muscarinic receptors- bot. blocks release of Ach

Question 25

what are the new therapeutic uses for botulinum

Answer 25

-removal of wrinkles -cervical dystonia (neuro disorder causing severe neck and shoulder muscle contractions) -blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking) -strabismus (misaligned eyes)

Question 26

what are the 2 forms of drug toxicity

Answer 26

latrogenicity tetretogenicity

Question 27

what is latrogenicity

Answer 27

capacity to produce disease from the side effects or inappropriate prescribing of drugs

Question 28

example of latrogenicity

Answer 28

anti malarial drug mefloquine associated with neuropsychiatric side effects (profound suicidal thoughts)

Question 29

what is tetratogenicity

Answer 29

capacity to produce abnormalities of the unborn child or foetus

Question 30

example of tetratogenicity

Answer 30

thalidomide anti sickness drug causing phocomelia in children

Question 31

example of tetratogenicity

Answer 31

thalidomide anti sickness drug causing phocomelia in children

Question 32

what was the form of thalidomide that causes phocomelia and why

Answer 32

S-form binds to enzymes involved in development of limbs in the unborn foetus

Question 33

why can manufacturing companies not just manufacture R form of thalidomide

Answer 33

because it can be converted to the S form in the liver

Question 34

what are receptors

Answer 34

chemical structures composed of regulatory proteins

Question 35

what do recognition molecules do

Answer 35

recieve and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems

Question 36

what produces the effects of recognition mols

Answer 36

soluble physiological mediators