Block2-Behavior Flashcards by Aaron Sircy

Behavioral genetics believes certain traits can be traced back to one what?

gene

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Genotype, environment, and what are amenable to systemic scientific inquiry?

phenotype

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The proband, research subject, is evaluated based on what kind of studies?

Family risk studies

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During twin studies, if there is a discrepancy, normally due to environmental factors, the higher rate will be seen where?

Monozygotic > Dizygotic

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Various psychiatric symptoms such as depression, psychosis, and dementia/major neurocognitive disorder

What chromosome number?

Huntington’s Disease

Chromosome 3

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Depression, anxiety, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder, chromosome number 1

Alzheimer Disease

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Anxiety, insomnia, lability of mood, depression and psychosis (w/delusions and hallucinations)

What chromosome number is it?

Acute intermittent Porphyria

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mental retardation/intellectual disability

What chromosome number is this?

Phenyl-ketonuria

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What is wilson’s disease?

What chromosome number is this?

Depression, personality changes, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder

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What is Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (early onset ALZ), depression, anxiety?
Chromosome 14

Alzheimer Disease

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Discontrol of language and movements

What chromosome number?

Tourette Syndrome

Chromosome 18

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What gene is near Alzheimer’s disease, APO E4 gene?

Depression, anxiety, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (typical age at onset for ALZ)
Chromosome 19

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Cognitive regression, aphasia, mental retardation/intellectual disability

Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (early onset ALZ), depression, anxiety

Chromosome 21

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy

ALZ associated with Down Syndrome

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Autistic behavior, mental retardation/intellectual disability
Is what chromosome number, normally seen in boys?

Fragile X

Chromosome X

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Autistic behavior (former member of DSM-IV Pervasive Developmental Disorders]), stereotyped hand movements [e.g., hand-wringing], breathing abnormalities

Is seen in what chromosome?

Rett’s Syndrome

Chromosome X

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The cerebral hemisphere containing speech representation, and controlling preferential arm and leg use in skilled movements, is known as the dominant hemisphere. It is usually the _________HEMISPHERE

LEFT

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The __________[“nondominant”] hemisphere is associated primarily with perception; it is also associated with spatial relations, body image, and musical and artistic ability. It is activated for intuition-type problem solving. Stroke damage here is more likely to lead to apathy, indifference and flattened affect [emotional unexpressiveness], than depression.

right

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Damage to what side will most likely cause depression?

What side of the brain does calculations?

Left Side

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_______ have a larger corpus callosum and anterior commissure, and thus appear to have greater interhemispheric communication than men.
________ may have greater development of the right hemispheres, and tend to score highly in spatial tasks

Women

Men

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Implicit or __________ memory involves information on how to to perform an act and is unconsciously recalled.

nondeclarative

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Important functions for the ____________ include speech (Broca’s area, involved in the expressive aspect of speech), regulation of personality and emotional expression, abstract thought, memory, executive function, the capacity to initiate and stop tasks, and concentration

frontal lobes

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They result in impaired memory, psychomotor seizures, and changes in aggressive behavior. If a lobe of the brain is lesioned?

Temporal lobe, language emotion, and memory, Boileau also says epilepsy here

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Lesions of the right lobe of the ___________ results in dysphoria, iritability, and decreased visual and musical ability

temporal cortex

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Lesions of the left ____________lobe results in euphoria, auditory hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and inability to understand language/poor verbal comprehension (Wernicke aphasia).

temporal lobe

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Lesions of the ______________ cause denial of illness, neglect of the opposite side

parietal cortex

The patient either denies have an illness or is not aware of it, left hemiparesis, may deny the presence of a paralyzed limb?

Anosognosia

__________ e. g., failure to respond to half of the visual field and possibly also ignore tactile and auditory stimuli, resulting in e.g., not washing or dressing opposite side of body)

hemispatial neglect

_________________ is rare because there is redundant processing of the right space by both the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Right-sided spatial neglect

Hemispatial neglect results most commonly from the oppossite side of the body, it is not due to a lack of what?

sensation

In most left-dominant brains the left space, however, is only processed by the ______ cerebral hemisphere.

right

What DSM class is Hemispatial neglect?

DSM-5

_____________ is the inability to copy drawings or to manipulate objects to form patterns or designs, involves impaired processing of visual-spatial information

Construction apraxia

Destruction of the _________ cortex results in cortical blindness. Lesions may cause visual hallucinations and illusions, inability to identify camouflaged objects.

occipital

Due to bilateral occlusion of posterior cerebral arteries. Cortical blindness occurs, along with failure to acknowledge the blindness. The latter may be due to the interruption of fibers involved in self-assessment. What disease is this?

Anton Syndrome

The ___________ is responsible for the regulation of a number of physiologic responses. It has been implicated in involuntary internal responses that accompany emotional strategy and behaviors.

hypothalamus increased heart and respiration, regulation of endocrine balance, control of eating, regulation of body temp.

Destruction of the lateral hypothalamus leads to what? Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in what?

anorexia and starvation hyperphagia (crazy eating habits) and obesity

What lesion in the brain has changes in sleep-wake mechanisms and loss of consciousness?

Reticular activating system

The hippocamus is important for what?

memory and new learning

What is considered the "Gate" through which internal and external stimuli are integrated?

Amygdala, helps with emotional memory

What bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobes including the amygdala, causes no fear, sexual hyperactivity and hyperorality, and a high rage threshold?

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Korsakoff is the lack of what vitamin? Normally done with alcoholism

B1, if damage to the thalamus is no longer treatable if damage occurs

The ________ function in the initiation and control of movement, procedural learning , routine behaviors or "habits" such as bruxism (tooth grinding), eye movements, cognition, and emotion.

basal ganglia

Chorea is what?

movement disorder characterized by random and involuntary, quick, jerky, and purposeless movements.

Athetosis is what?

slow, involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases.

Sydenham's chorea is what big disease that has motor and nonmotor? What basal ganglia linked problems are there?

OCD attention deficit and emotional lability

With the basal ganglia, what is too high and too low in OCD?

Dopaminergic hyperfunction prefrontal cortex Serotinergic hypofunction at the basal ganglia

What is a rare hereditary disorder that involves the calcification of the basal ganglia? The symptoms are said to resemble the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Fahr Disease

Implicit memory

unconscious, how to perform a certain task

What part of the brainstem is important during REM sleep? What is the major neurotransmitter through here?

Pons Norepinephrine

The _____________ is a nucleus in the pons involved with physiological responses to stress and panic. It is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine.

locus coeruleus

What may have some cognitive functions, such as attention and language, and in the regulation of fear and pleasure responses? Primarily known for it's motor movement, and "fine tune" motor movement

cerebellum

What are the three types of neurotransmitters?

Biogenic amines, amino acids, and peptides

The concentration of ____________in the synaptic cleft is closely related to mood and behavior/psychiatric outcome

The concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft is closely related to mood and behavior/psychiatric outcome

Low Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine are what psych condition?

Depression

High dopamine and low GABA is what psych condition?

Mania

What is high Dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate?

Schizophrenia

What is low GABA, serotonin, and high norepinephrine?

Anxiety

What is low acetylcholine and high glutamate?

Alzheimer Disease

________ theory of depression hypothesizes that lowered monoamine activity results in depression.

monoamine

What is elevated homovanillic acid, dopamine is what disease?

Schizophrenia and other conditions involving psychosis

What is low homovanillic acid, dopamine is what disease, also has depression?

parkinson disease

What neurotransmitter has low VMA, high MHPG, adrenal medulla tumor, severe depression and attempted suicide?

Norepinephrine

What is severe depression, attempted suicide, aggressiveness and violence, impulsiveness, fire setting, Tourette syndrome, low 5-HIAA?

Serotonin

L-Dopa to DOPA uses what enzyme?

tyrosine hydroxylase

What neurotransmitter is the reward center, Parkinson Disease, and conditioned fear?

Dopamine

If someone is asked to draw a clock for parietal hemispatial neglect?

Only numbers 12-6 or all 12 numbers on one half of the clock face, the other side being distorted or left blank

What is the major site of action for traditional antipsychotic drugs/agents?

The lack or regulation of muscle tone and movement is what? What is another way that this can happen?

Parkinson disease Treatment with antipsychotic drugs, block postsynaptic dopamine receptors

The Tuberoinfundibular tract is inhibited by the secretion of what neurotransmitter? What hormone secretion is blocked?

Dopamine Prolactin

Dopamine receptor blockade inhibits what kind of release? What does this hormone do?

Prolactin Breast enlargement, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction

The mesolimibic-mesocortical tract is associated with what?

Psychotic disorders

The hyperactivity and hypoactivity of the mesolimbic and mesocortical tract are associated with what disease?

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

What is syndrome is associated with a hyperactive dopamine system, given antipsychotics (Haloperidol) may be used in treatment when the symptoms are severe?

Tourette

What enzyme is need to make dopamine to norephinephrine?

Beta-hydroxylase

Elevation of ____________ is thought to be associated with improved mood, sleep, and delayed orgasm?

Serotonin

The serotonin system is targeted by atypical ____________.

Antipsychotics

Serotonin has inhibitory influences on behavior. Low Serotonin is associated with poor what?

Impulse control

What medication is used for action of anti-depressant treatments?

5HT

What drugs block reuptake of fluoxetine, serotonin, norepinephrine,?

Heterocyclic antidepressants

MAOIs are used to prevent the degradation of what neurotransmitters?

Serotonin, Norepinephrine

What enzyme is used to move tryptophan to serotonin?

tryptophan hydroxylase and by an amino acid decarboxylase

What is the cell body in the brain contained in the dorsal raphe nucleus?

Serotonergic cell bodies

An ethylamine or __________ is a psychoactive drug, that if block cause sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain?

Histamine

What is the degradation of cholinergic neurons that can cause diseases?

Alzheimer Disease, Down Syndrome, sleep disorder

Low acetylcholine levels are associated with what?

Dementias/major neurocognitive disorder

What is the brain area that is involved in the production of Ach?

Basalis of Meynert

Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are medications used to delay Alzheimer disease, what neurotransmitter is used?

Acetylcholine

What neurotransmitters are used mostly in the brain?

GABA and glycine

Glutamate/Glutamic acid is major firing in what pathway?

Visual pathway

What drug is an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors?

Angel Dust

What drug is a blocker of the NMDA receptor (a glutamate receptor) that has been approved to treat Alzheimer disease?

Memantine

GABA is synthesized from glutamate, via what enzyme? What vitamin is needed?

Glutamic acid decarboxylase B6

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates increase the affinity for what?

GABA(a)

Anticonvulsants: potentiate the activity of what neurotransmitter?

GABA

A personality change is normally due to a lesion where in the brain?

frontal lobes or subcortical structures

What disease may occur, whose symptoms include agraphia (inability to write), acalculia (inability to perform calculations), finger agnosia (patient is unable to recognize the fingers on his own, or someone else’s hands), and right-left disorientation.

Gertsmann Syndrome