Blood Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Blood is classified as a ______ tissue.
A
Connective
2
Q
Blood is the only fluid tissue in the human body. T or F
A
True
3
Q
Blood carries ______, ______, and ______ through blood vessels.
A
Nutrients, waste, and body heat
4
Q
The components of blood include ______ and ______.
A
Living cells and non-living matrix
5
Q
Living cells in blood are also called ______.
A
Formed elements
6
Q
The non-living matrix of blood is called ______.
A
Plasma
7
Q
Blood consists of ______ suspended and carried in ______.
A
Formed elements; plasma
8
Q
Formed elements include ______, ______, and ______.
A
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
9
Q
Closely approximated percentage of red blood cells per given volume of blood is ____
A
Hematocrit
10
Q
Blood constitutes ______% of total body weight.
A
8
11
Q
Average volume of blood in males and females is _____ and ____ L.
A
5.5 in males, 5.0 in females
12
Q
Average volume of blood ranges from ______ to ______ L.
A
4 to 6
13
Q
Arterial blood (oxygenated) is what color?
A
Bright red (Scarlet-red)
14
Q
Venous blood (deoxygenated) is what color?
A
Dark red (Dull-red)
15
Q
Blood is ______ times denser than water.
A
5
16
Q
The pH of blood is slightly alkaline and ranges from ______ to ______.
A
7.35 to 7.45
17
Q
The specific gravity of blood is between ______ and ______.
A
1.052 to 1.061
18
Q
The temperature of blood is ______ ºC / ______ ºF.
A
38; 100.4
19
Q
The viscosity of blood ranges between ______ and ______.
A
4.5 and 5.5
20
Q
Hemoglobin concentration in females is ______ g/100 ml.
A
37241
21
Q
Hemoglobin concentration in males is ______ g/100 ml.
A
13-18
22
Q
Mean RBC count in females is ______ million/mm³.
A
4.3–5.2
23
Q
Mean RBC count in males is ______ million/mm³.
A
5.1–5.8
24
Q
Blood transports nitrogen waste from the body to the ______.
A
Kidney
25
Blood transports nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to ______.
Body cells
26
Blood transports hormones from ______ to ______.
Glands; target cells
27
Functions of blood include ___ 6
Transport, Temperature regulation, hemostasis, immunity, buffering, and regulation of interstitial and circulating fluids.
28
After centrifugation, erythrocytes make up ______% of blood, a percentage known as the ______.
45%; hematocrit
29
The buffy coat contains ______ and ______.
Leukocytes; platelets
30
The buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer located between ______ and ______.
Erythrocytes and plasma
31
Plasma makes up ______% of blood.
55
32
Formed elements make blood heavier and ______ times thicker than water.
5
33
Erythrocyte count is ______ of blood.
4-6 million/mm³
34
Leukocyte count is ______ to ______ of blood.
4000 to 11000 /mm³
35
Thrombocyte (platelet) count is ______ to ______ /mm³ of blood.
250,000 to 450,000
36
Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte are involved in ______ and ______.
Defence; immunity
37
______ is the supernatant of centrifuged blood without anticoagulant.
Serum
38
______ is the supernatant of centrifuged blood with anticoagulant.
Plasma
39
Serum = ______ – ______.
Plasma - clotting factors
40
Plasma consists of about ______% solute and ______% water.
7-9% solute; 91-93% water
41
Most plasma proteins are made by the ______.
Liver
42
_____ contributes to osmotic balance, pH buffering, and maintains blood volume
Albumin
43
Fibrinogen function?
Clotting of blood
44
Globulin functions include ______ and ______.
Defense (antibodies); lipid transport
45
Which plasma protein is involved in clotting process and transportation?
Globulin
46
The percentage of fibrinogen in blood plasma is
0.04
47
Which plasma protein constitutes 2/3
Albumin
48
____ is 1/3 of plasma protein
Globulins
49
____ transports solutes (bile, salts, drugs) by binding to them
Albumin
50
Acidosis occurs when blood pH drops below ______.
7.35
51
The ______ system and ______ help restore blood pH to normal.
Respiratory; kidneys
52
Erythropoiesis includes two major stages which are
Prenatal; postnatal
53
Mesoblastic stage occurs in the first ______ weeks and forms RBCs in ______ and ______.
3; yolk sac; mesothelial layers of placenta
54
The hepatic stage occurs in the first ______ weeks and forms blood cells in the ______, ______, and ______.
6; liver; spleen; lymphoid tissues
55
The myeloid stage starts at ______ months with RBCs formed chiefly in the ______.
≥ 3; bone marrow
56
At the ______ month, the bone marrow takes over erythropoiesis exclusively.
9th
57
At what stage of erythropoeisis are blood cells formed from yolk sac and placenta?
Mesoblastic stage
58
Postnatally, bone marrow of all bones produce RBCs up to age ______.
5 years
59
After age 20, RBCs are produced in the marrow of ______ bones 4 examples.
Membranous (vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilium)
60
Before age 20, RBCs are produced in marrows of long bones except ___ and ___
Proximal humerus and tibia
61
Most blood cells divide T or F
False
62
Factors for erythropoiesis include ____ (6).
hypoxia, vitamins (B12, C, E), folic acid, iron, hormones, and trace elements
63
Which hormones (2) and vitamins (3) are involved in erythropoeisis
Androgen and thyroxine; Vitamins B12, C, E.
64
Trace elements needed for erythropoiesis include __ (4).
Cu; Zn; Co; Ni
65
Correct erythropoiesis sequence: ______ → ______ → Proerythroblast → ______ → ______ → ______ → Erythrocyte
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell; CFU-E; Polychromatophil erythroblast; Orthochromatophil erythroblast; Reticulocyte
66
Erythrocytes move from bone marrow into capillaries by ______.
Diapedesis
67
RBC life span is ______ to ______ days.
90; 120
68
RBC diameter = ______ µm.
7.8
69
RBC surface area is ______ .
120µm²
70
RBC volume is ______ to ______ .
90; 95µm³
71
The membrane of RBC consists of a glycogen coat and lipid bilayer of ______% phospholipid and ______% cholesterol.
55; 45
72
The inner membrane of RBC contains cytoskeletal proteins like ______, ______, and ______.
Spectrin; actin; ankyrin
73
Mature RBC lacks cellular organelle T or F.
False
74
The organelles lacking in RBCs are (4)
DNA, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus
75
RBC contains the enzyme ______ for converting CO₂ to bicarbonate.
Carbonic anhydrase
76
Each Hb has 4 ______ molecules, each with one ______ atom that binds one O₂.
Heme; iron
77
Each erythrocyte contains ______ Hb molecules.
280 million
78
Each erythrocyte carries about ______ O₂ molecules.
1.12 billion
79
Blood is a ______, ______ fluid with a ______ taste.
Sticky, opaque, metallic
80
The average volume of blood in males is ______ to ______ L.
5 to 6
81
The average volume of blood in females is ______ to ______ L.
4 to 5
82
Platelet counts are ______ to ______ /mm³.
250,000 to 450,000
83
Total WBC count is ______ to ______ /mm³.
3,000 to 11,000
84
Blood is a compound tissue T or F
False, Blood is a complex tissue
85
Blood is derived from _____
Mesenchyme cells
86
The component of blood that contains intercellular matrix is known as
Plasma
87
The order in which hemopoietic centers are located in fetal life are ___, ____ and ____
Yolk sac, liver, spleen
88
After birth, ____ and _____ become site of cell destruction
Liver and spleen
89
All blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow of ____ skeleton and ____ and ____ bones
Axial skeleton, humerus and femur
90
_____ ounce or _____ blood cells (count) are produced each day
One ounce, 100 billion blood cells
91
______ RBCs (count) are produced per second
2.5 million RBCs
92
RBCs are destroyed by the
Reticuloendothelial system
93
Erythropoietin is a _____ hormone produced by ______ in response to _____
Glycoprotein; Renal cells; Hypoxia
94
Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by _____
Macrophages
95
Heme in RBC is degraded int a ___ pigment called ____
Yellow; bilirubin
96
_____ secretes bilirubin into the intestines as ______
Liver, Bile
97
Intestines metabolize bile into _____
Urobilinogen
98
Urobilinogen leaves the body in feces in a pigment called
stercobilin
99
Globin is metabolized into ______ which is released into circulation
Amino acids
100
Hemoglobin released into the blood is captured by ______ and phagocytosed
Haptoglobin
101
RBC contains ____% Hb
0.97
102
RBC contains the plasma membrane protein _____ and others that give them _____ and allows _____
Spectrin; flexibility; changing of shape
103
Thickness of RBC at the periphery is ____
2µm
104
Primary content of RBC is _____
Hemoglobin
105
Hemoglobin contains ____ and _____ pigment
globin and heme pigment
106
________ give rise to all formed elements
Hemocytoblasts
107
The only blood components that are complete cells are ____
Leukocytes
108
Which blood cell makes up 1% of total blood volume?
WBC
109
WBC can leave capillaries by _____
Diapedesis
110
Percentage of eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes in WBC respectively are
1-4%, 0.5%, 25%, 4-8%
111
Platelets re fragments of ______
Megakaryocytes
112
Stem cell for platelet is _____ hemocytoblast
113
The sequential developmental pathway is: _____ → ______ → _____ → _____ → platelets
hemocytoblast → megakaryoblast → promegakaryocyte → megakaryocyte → platelets
114
Which WBC differentiate into macrophages?
Monocytes
115
What is the primary function of albumin?
Regulates osmotic pressure
116
What is the primary function of fibrinogen?
Clotting proteins, help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
117
What is the primary function of globulins?
Antibodies, help protect the body from pathogens
118
Which blood component is a complete cell?
Leukocytes (WBCs)
119
Which blood components are not complete cells?
Erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets
120
What is the structure of erythrocytes?
Biconcave discs, anucleate, no organelles
121
What percentage of erythrocytes is hemoglobin?
0.97
122
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
Consists of globin (α and β subunits) and heme pigment
123
How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?
Four molecules of oxygen
124
What part of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?
The heme groups
125
What is the function of eosinophils?
Counteract parasitic worms, reduce allergy severity
126
What is the function of basophils?
Release histamine for inflammatory response
127
What is the function of lymphocytes?
T cells function in immune response, B cells produce antibodies
128
What is the function of monocytes?
Transform into macrophages, phagocytize pathogens
129
How are platelets formed?
From megakaryocytes in bone marrow
130
What happens when agglutinogens are mixed with corresponding antibodies?
A hemolytic reaction occurs
131
What happens during a second exposure of Rh-negative individuals to Rh-positive blood?
A transfusion reaction occurs
