Bone Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Bone is a highly specialized, hard form of _____ tissue that makes up most of the skeleton
A
Connective
2
Q
Bone is composed of ____ and ____.
A
Living cells and Matrix
3
Q
The organic substances secreted by osteoblasts that give bone tensile strength are called ____.
A
Osteoid
4
Q
What is present in ECM of bones?
A
Osteoid
5
Q
Osteoid are secreted by?
A
Osteoblasts
6
Q
The inorganic components of bone that make bone hard are known as ____.
A
Hydroxyapatites (calcium salts)
7
Q
Bones store and release minerals to maintain ____.
A
Homeostasis
8
Q
Which bone function involves the formation of blood cells?
A
Haemopoiesis
9
Q
The skeletal system’s function of triglyceride storage is found in ____.
A
Yellow bone marrow
10
Q
The skeleton has a total of ____ bones.
A
206
11
Q
The axial skeleton includes bones of the ___, ____, and ____.
A
Skull, Vertebral column and Rib cage
12
Q
The appendicular skeleton includes bones of the _____ and ____.
A
Upper and lower limbs and Girdles that attach the limb to the axial skeleton
13
Q
Bones are classified by shape as? (5).
A
Long, short, flat, irregular, and Sesamoid
14
Q
Which bones are classified as long bones?
A
Humerus
15
Q
Which bones are classified as short bones?
A
Carpals
16
Q
The parietal bone of the skull is an example of a ____.
A
Flat bone
17
Q
Vertebrae are classified as ____.
A
Irregular bones
18
Q
This type of bone is embedded within tendons and is called ____.
A
Sesamoid bone
19
Q
Bone markings such as projections serve as sites for ____, ____, and ____ attachment.
A
Muscles, ligaments and tendons
20
Q
What type of bone marking serves as a conduit for blood vessels and nerves?
A
Depressions and openings
21
Q
The outgrowths like heads, trochanters and spines on bones are examples of ____.
A
Projections
22
Q
Fossae, sinuses, and foramina are examples of bone ____.
A
Depressions and openings
23
Q
Bone can be classified based on mineral composition into ____ and ____.
A
Compact or cortical and Spongy or cancellous or trabecular bone
24
Q
Compact and spongy bone are distinguished by ____ and ____
A
relative amount of solid matter and by the number and size of the spaces they contain
25
Compact bone forms a thin layer around a central mass of ____.
Spongy bone
26
This type of bone contains trabeculae and fills the medullary cavity in adult bones.
Spongy (cancellous) bone
27
Which type of bone tissue is dense and forms the outer layer?
Compact bone
28
The internal layer of bone tissue is called ____.
Spongy bone
29
Cancellous bone has small needle-like or flat pieces called ____.
Trabeculae
30
The structure that stores yellow or red bone marrow in long bones is the ____.
Medullary cavity
31
The structure that stores yellow or red bone marrow in spongy bones is the ____.
Trabeculae (spicules)
32
The _____ is the long, central part of the bone that provides strength and support.
Diaphysis
33
The ends of a long bone are called ____.
Epiphyses
34
____ is contained in diaphysis and ___ in epiphyses
Medullary cavity; Spongy bone and bone marrow
35
The cartilage layer responsible for bone growth in length during development is called the ____.
Epiphyseal plate
36
The area between the diaphysis and epiphysis is called the ____.
Metaphysis
37
The outer membrane of bone covering the entire bone is called the ____.
Periosteum
38
The inner and outer layer of periosteum are
Osteogenic layer and fibrous layer
39
The inner layer of the periosteum contains cells called ____.
Osteoblasts
40
This layer of the periosteum is tough and made of dense connective tissue.
Fibrous layer
41
The periosteum's osteogenic layer contains cells that help with bone ____.
Growth and repair
42
The thin membrane lining the inside of the bone and covering spongy bone and marrow cavity is called the ____.
Endosteum
43
Endosteum does not contain bone-forming cells T or F
False
44
The external surface of the diaphysis is covered by ____.
Periosteum
45
The articular surface of the epiphysis is covered with ____.
Hyaline cartilage
46
In short bones, the spongy bone is surrounded by a thin layer of ____.
Compact bone
47
____ refers to the spongy bone layer found between inner and outer compact bone layers in flat bones of the skull
Diploë
48
Short bones have no ____, ____, or ____.
Diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity
49
Short bones are surrounded by a thin layer of ____.
Compact bone
50
The internal layer of flat bones is made of ____.
Spongy bone
51
The Haversian structure in compact bone is arranged in units called ____.
Osteons (harversian system)
52
Harversian system run parallel to the bone T or F
False; run longitudinally through the bone
53
The central part of each osteon, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, is called the ____.
Central (Haversian) Canal
54
The rings of calcified extracellular matrix surrounding the central canal are called ____.
Concentric Lamellae
55
Small spaces between the lamellae that house osteocytes are called ____.
Lacunae
56
Tiny channels radiating from lacunae to connect them are called ____.
Canaliculi
57
The tiny channels that connect lacunae to the central canals to allow faster nutrient delivery and waste removal are called ____.
Canaliculi
58
Canaliculi are filled with ___
Extracellular fluid
59
_______ bring blood vessels and nerves to the bone's canal system and run perpendicular to osteons.
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
60
Compact bone is made up of _____ which run parallel to the bone's length to provide strength.
Osteons (Haversian systems)
61
The function of _____ is to ensure efficient nutrient delivery and waste removal despite bone's density
Haversian structure
62
In spongy bone tissue, instead of osteons, the bone units are called ____.
Trabeculae
63
_____ form an irregular latticework of thin columns of bone in spongy bone
Trabeculae
64
Trabeculae supports and protects ______ located in microscopic spaces
red bone marrow
65
____ is the site of hemopoiesis in spongy bone
Trabeculae
66
Spongy bone forms the majority of ____, ____, and ____ bones.
Short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
67
_____ bone is found in the ends of long bones (epiphysis)
Spongy bone
68
Spongy bone contains _____, ____, and _____ but lacks ____ in cortical osteons.
Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi but lacks Central (Haversian) and Perforating (Volkmann) canals
69
During childhood and adolescence, long bones become longer and thicker due to constant division of ____.
Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plates
70
Bone replaces the older cells on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. This process ceases between the ages of ____ in females and ____ in males.
18–25 but usually 1-2 years earlier in females, 18–25 in males
71
The medullary cavity enlarges as growth occurs due to bone destruction by ____.
Osteoclasts
72
Bone thickening occurs because ______ add new osteons around the bone
Osteoblasts
73
During infancy and childhood, the _____ hormone, released by _____, and regulated by _____ controls bone growth
Growth hormone; the anterior pituitary gland; thyroid hormone
74
Sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen) promote growth spurts at ____.
Puberty
75
Sex hormones also induce ____.
Epiphyseal plate closure
76
Gigantism is caused by an increase in ____.
Growth hormone
77
Dwarfism is caused by a decrease in ____.
Growth hormone or thyroid hormone
78
Bones are richly supplied with blood vessels, especially nutrient arteries that pass through the compact bone via ____.
Nutrient foramina
79
The nutrient artery divides in the medullary cavity into _____ branches, supplying the bone marrow, spongy bone, and ____.
Longitudinal branches; Deeper portions of compact bone
80
There are four types of cells in osseous tissue:
osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
81
______ develop into osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitors
82
______ secrete extracellular matrix and collagen and are known as ____.
Osteoblasts; Bone builders
83
Osteocytes develop from _____ and undertake bone's ____.
Osteoblasts; Metabolic functions
84
_______ act as strain gauges to detect mechanical stress and send signals to adjust bone remodeling
Osteocytes
85
Osteoblasts form new bone by _____. Once their work is complete, some become ____.
secreting extracellular matrix and collagen; Osteocytes
86
Osteocytes remain embedded in the mineralized bone matrix and function as ____.
Strain sensors
87
Osteocytes monitor bone remodeling by communicating with ____.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
88
Osteoclasts are made from cells called ____.
Monocytes
89
_____ break down the extracellular organic and mineral matrix and are known as ____.
Osteoclasts; Bone crunchers
90
Humerus begins ossification at ____ week
8th week; the end of embryonic period
91
What is the process of bone formation called?
ossification (osteogenesis)
92
At what point during fetal development does ossification begin?
Embryonic 6th week
93
What is the role of ossification in adults?
Remodelling and repair
94
What are the two types of ossification?
Intramembranous ossification, Endochondral ossification
95
Before 6th week of fetal development, embryonic skeleton is made of ___ and ____
Hyaline cartilage and Fibrous membrane
96
Name 2 bones that undergo intramembranous ossification
Skull bones, Clavicle
97
Which bones undergo endochondral ossification?
Most other bones (including base of skull, long bones, vertebrae, ribs)
98
When does ossification begin for the skull and clavicle?
6th week
99
Intramembranous ossification, direct ossification of _____ begins during the fetal period
Mesenchyme
100
_____ ossification is associated with flat bones
Intramembranous
101
In endochondral ossification _____ models of bones form and are later replaced by bone.
cartilage
102
What is hematopoietic tissue?
Red marrow
103
Hematopoietic tissue is found in ____ and _____
Trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and Diploë of flat bones.
104
In newborns, medullary cavity of diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone contain red and yellow bone marrow T or F
False; only red bone marrow
105
Little red marrow is present in spongy bone cavities of adults T or F
True
106
Name 3 hematopoietic tissue found in adults
Head of femur, humerus, and diploë of flat bones
107
What happens to red marrow as a person grows?
It is replaced by yellow marrow containing fat.
108
Where does blood cell production mainly occur in adults?
Heads of femur and humerus
109
Which hematopoietic tissue is much more active in haematopoiesis?
Diploë of flat bones
110
Conversion of yellow marrow in medullary cavity to red marrow is possible T or F
True
111
What can happen to yellow marrow in response to anemia?
It can revert to red marrow to increase RBC production.
112
How often is bone mass recycled?
Every 5-7% per week
113
Each day, ___g of Ca may enter or leave our skeleton
0.5g
114
Spongy bone is replaced every ____ years and compact bone every ___ years
3-4 years; 10 years
115
The process of bone deposit (by osteoblasts) and bone resorption or breakdown (by osteoclasts) is termed ____.
Bone remodelling
116
Where does bone remodelling occur?
At the surface of the periosteum and endosteum
117
The unmineralized, organic portion of bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts is ____
Osteoid
118
___ and ____ control bone remodelling?
Hormonal controls (PTH) and response to mechanical stress
119
Which hormone controls bone remodeling?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
120
Which law? Bone grows or remodels in response to mechanical forces placed upon it.
Wolff's law
121
State fracture types according to Position of bone ends, Completeness of the break, Orientation of break, Penetration of skin
Displaced/nondisplaced; Complete/incomplete; Linear (parallel)/transverse (perpendicular); Open (compound)/Closed (simple)
122
Fracture type: Bone fragments into three or more pieces.
Comminuted
123
Fracture type: Bone is crushed.
Compression
124
Fracture type: Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
Spiral
125
Fracture type: Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.
Epiphyseal
126
Fracture type: Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Depressed
127
Fracture type: Bone breaks incompletely, Only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends
Greenstick
128
Which fracture is common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle?
Comminuted
129
Which fracture is common in porous bones (i.e., osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in a fall
Compression
130
Which fracture tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring?
Epiphyseal fracture
131
Which fracture is common in children whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults?
Greenstick fracture
132
The fracture type typical of skull fracture is
Depressed fracture
133
Which fracture is a common sports fracture?
Spiral fracture
134
Compression fracture is often seen in which kind of bone
Vertebrae
135
What is the first stage of bone repair?
Hematoma formation (blood clot forms).
136
What happens in the second stage of bone repair?
Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation (collagen and cartilage bridge the broken ends).
137
What happens in the third stage of bone repair?
Bony callus formation (osteoblasts replace soft callus with spongy bone).
138
What happens in the fourth stage of bone repair?
Bone remodeling (osteoclasts remove excess tissue, osteoblasts reshape bone).
139
Which stage of bone repair provide initial stabilization?
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
140
List 2 factors that affect bone growth
Nutrition (calcium, vitamin D), Hormones (Growth hormone, Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin)
141
3 hormones that affect bone growth
Growth hormone, Parathyroid hormone, Calcitonin
142
____ stimulates liver to produce IGF-1 (somatomedin), which promotes growth in epiphyseal cartilage.
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
143
What is the effect of a deficiency in growth hormone during childhood?
Pituitary dwarfism (short stature)
144
What happens with excess growth hormone during childhood?
Gigantism (excessive growth of long bones)
145
What happens with excess growth hormone during adulthood?
Acromegaly (thickening of bones)
146
Adults can increase bone length T or F
False, coz they lack epiphyseal cartilage
147
Adults increase in bone width by _____
Periosteal growth
148
Condition of decreased bone density and increased fracture risk due to excessive osteoclast activity is ____
Osteoporosis
149
What are the 3 types of osteoporosis?
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (..estrogen deficiency), Senile osteoporosis (age > 70, decline in vit D & Ca), Secondary osteoporosis (underlying diseases & meds)
150
What is the treatment for osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates (inhibit osteoclast activity)
151
A condition caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency in children with growing bones, leading to skeletal deformities is ____
Rickets
152
Condition caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiency in adults with remodelling bones, leading to weak bones and fracture susceptibility is ___
Osteomalacia
153
Condition characterized by excessive, abnormal bone remodelling; resulting in weakened and deformed bones and pain is ____.
Paget's disease
