Connective Tissue Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
Who termed connective tissue in what year?
A
Peter Johannes Muller; 1830
2
Q
What is responsible for providing structural support for the tissues and organs of the body and performs mechanical function to maintain the form of the body, organs, and tissues?
A
Connective tissue
3
Q
Connective tissue derives its name from?
A
Function in connecting or binding cells and tissues
4
Q
Connective tissue is homogenous in structure and function. T or F
A
False
5
Q
Connective tissue is ______ in structure and function.
A
very heterogeneous
6
Q
The three main structural components of connective tissue are
A
cells (fibroblasts and others), fibers and ground substance (extracellular matrix)
7
Q
The amount of components in various connective tissues correlates with ______
A
specific functional roles of the tissue
8
Q
Name the cells commonly found in connective tissue.
A
fibroblasts and others
9
Q
What makes up the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
A
fibers and ground substance
10
Q
Architectural framework of the body, Bind together and provide mechanical support for other tissues, metabolic, defense, transport, storage, and blood components; Wound repair and inflammatory response are functions of
A
Connective tissue
11
Q
Connective tissues are derived from ____ cells
A
mesenchymal cells
12
Q
All connective tissues are derived from mesenchymal cells T or F
A
True
13
Q
Mesenchymal cells are for the most part derived from _____
A
Mesoderm
14
Q
Several of the connective tissues of the head region are derived from ____
A
Neural crest (ectodermal origin)
15
Q
Several of the connective tissues of the _____ region are derived from neural crest (ectodermal origin)
A
head
16
Q
Which germ layers are connective tissue derived from?
A
Mesoderm and Ectoderm (for head region)
17
Q
Endothelial cells lining blood vessels are derived from?
A
Mesenchyme
18
Q
Why are endothelial cells classified as connective tissue rather than epithelium?
A
Because they are derived from mesenchyme
19
Q
Epithelium can develop from how many and which embryonic germ layers?
A
Three; Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
20
Q
Epithelium never develops from which type of cell?
A
Mesenchymal cells
21
Q
2 main types of connective tissue proper
A
Dense connective tissue and Loose (areolar) connective tissue
22
Q
Dense connective tissue contains more ______ than cells.
A
fibers
23
Q
Which connective tissue consists of a network of coarse fibers and resists multidirectional forces?
A
Dense irregular connective tissue
24
Q
Which connective tissue has collagenous fibers aligned in defined patterns or elastic fibers?
A
Dense regular connective tissue
25
Which connective tissue supports the epithelia of major organs and glands and fills space between muscle tissue?
Loose (areolar) connective tissue
26
Dense irregular connective tissue resists what type of mechanical stress?
Multidirectional forces
27
Dense regular connective tissue resists what type of mechanical stress?
Linear mechanical stresses
28
Loose (areolar) connective tissue resists what type of mechanical stress?
Not very resistance to stress
29
Which type of connective tissue acts as cushion to protect the organs from external forces?
Areolar connective tissue
30
Three body areas where dense irregular connective tissue can be found
Dermis of skin, Organ capsules, Fascia
31
Tendons and ligaments are examples of _____ type of connective tissue?
Collagenous Dense regular connective tissue
32
Which type of dense connective tissue contains elastin and microfibrils (fibrillin)?
Elastic connective tissue
33
Which loose connective tissue is responsible for fat storage, glucose regulation, and satiety?
Adipose tissue
34
What type of loose connective tissue form the stroma of highly cellular organs?
Reticular connective tissue
35
What type of loose connective tissue contains argyrophilic fibers of type III collagen?
Reticular connective tissue
36
Which type of connective tissue is present throughout the human body, providing support, nutrition, and protection for organs and muscles?
Areolar connective tissue
37
Loose connective tissue is described as ______, ______, and ______.
Delicate, vascularized, cellular
38
*Why is loose connective tissue not very resistant to stress?
It is delicate, vascularized, and flexible
39
Areolar connective tissue is widely distributed in the body as ______ between other tissues.
Packing material
40
Three functions of adipose tissue
Fat storage, Glucose regulation, Satiety
41
Reticular connective tissue forms the _____ of highly cellular organs (e.g ____, _____, ____)
Stroma; liver, lymph nodes, spleen
42
Reticular connective tissue contains argyrophilic fibers of which collagen type?
Type III collagen
43
What condition is associated with areolar connective tissue?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
44
Areolar connective tissue acts as a ______ to protect organs from external forces.
Cushion
45
Loose connective tissue facilitates the transport of ____ and ____
Cells and materials (secretion, absorption, immunity)
46
*Examples of loose connective tissue can be seen in which 2 anatomical locations?
Lamina propria of the small intestine and Intralobular connective tissue of the mammary gland
47
Connective tissue is composed of what two major components?
Extracellular matrix and cells
48
What is the dominant component of connective tissue?
Extracellular material
49
The cellular component of connective tissue includes which two main categories of cells?
Fixed and free cells
50
Name four fixed (permanent resident) cells in connective tissue
Fibroblasts, Adipose (fat) cells/adipocytes, Tissue macrophages, Mast cells
51
Name the free (transient resident) cells in connective tissue
Lymphocytes and plasma cells; Leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
52
Which cells in connective tissue originate from hematopoietic stem cells and are involved in immunity and inflammation?
Tissue macrophages and mast cells
53
Plasma cells are differentiated forms of which immune cell?
B-cells
54
What distinguishes connective tissue from the other tissues of the body?
Extracellular material
55
Name the three components of the extracellular material in connective tissue.
Protein fibers, Amorphous ground substance, Tissue fluid
56
Which components of extracellular material are not preserved in histological preparations?
Tissue fluid
57
List three protein fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers
58
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, tissue macrophages are classified as ____ cells in connective tissue
Fixed
59
Immune cells (lymphocytes), inflammatory cells (neutrophils & activated macrophages) are classified as ____ cells in connective tissue
Free
60
Packing material between other tissues is the function of which connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue
61
Extracellular matrix in connective tissue is made up of
Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and Ground substance
62
What is the most abundant protein in the body by dry weight?
Collagen
63
Collagen makes up what percentage of the body's dry weight?
Up to 30%
64
Closely packed, orderly fibrils that appear white in tendons and aponeuroses describe what?
Collagen fibers
65
In histological preparations, how do collagen fibers appear after reticular staining?
Acidophilic (pink staining with eosin)
66
Describe collagen fibers flexibility, elasticity and strength.
Flexible but very inelastic and extrememly high tensole strength
67
What is the most abundant amino acid in collagen?
Glycine
68
List the main amino acids in collagen along with their approximate percentages.
Glycine (33.5%), Proline (12%), Hydroxyproline (10%)
69
How many different types of collagen are known?
More than 12
70
Which collagen types are the most common?
Types I to V
71
Collagen is synthesized by which types of cells? (Name 9)
Fibroblasts, Osteoblasts, Chondroblasts, Odontoblasts, Reticular cells, Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells, Smooth muscle cells, Schwann cells
72
Two collagen types that are amorphous (non-fibrous)
Type IV and Type V
73
Which collagen type is found in hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and viterous of eye?
Type II
74
Which collagen type forms reticular fibers?
Type III
75
Which type of collagen is amorphous (non-fibrous) and found in the basal lamina associated with epithelial and endothelial cells?
Type IV
76
Which collagen is found in bones, tendons, organ capsules, dentine, skin?
Type I
77
Which type of collagen is amorphous (non-fibrous) and found in the basal lamina associated with muscle?
Type V
78
Which collagen type is mostly associated with Type I
Type III
79
Which collagen type has typical collagen fibers (64nm banding)?
Type I
80
Which collagen type has very thin fibrils?
Type II
81
Which type of collagen is the most abundant?
Type I
82
Which collagen type is found in skin, muscle, blood vessels, liver?
Type III
83
Fibril-forming collagens are _____
visible
84
Which types of collagen are fibril-forming?
Type I, II, III
85
Which types of collagen are anchoring filament collagens?
Type VII
86
Which types of collagen are network-forming?
Type IV
87
Which types of collagen are fibril-associated with interrupted triple helices (FACIT)
Type VI, IX
88
Which collagens are found in epithtelia?
Type VII
89
Which types of collagen are associated with types I and II fibrils?
Type VI, IX
90
Which types of collagen are found in all basement membranes?
Type IV
91
Which collagens function for resistance to pressure, resistance to tension and structural framework and mobility respectively?
Type II for resistance to pressure, Type I for resistance to tension, Type III for structural framework and mobility
92
Which collagens function for fibril-fibril or fibril to ECM binding?
Type VI, IX
93
Which type of collagen is found in all basement membranes and aids in support and filtration?
Type IV
94
Collagen types VI and IX function
Fibril-fibril / fibril-ECM binding
95
Which collagen type anchors epithelia to the basal lamina?
Type VII
96
Which collagen disorder leads to spontaneous fractures and progressive hearing loss and is associated with which collagen?
Osteogenesis imperfecta (Type I collagen defect)
97
Hypermobility of digits and early rupture of aorta or intestine is characteristic of which collagen disorder?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Type III collagen, type IV EDS)
98
Scurvy results from a lack of a cofactor for ____ and ____ vitamin
A cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase and Vitamin C
99
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome results from a deficiency in which enzyme?
Lysyl hydroxylase
100
Ulceration of gums, hemorrhages are syptoms of ____ which result from defect in _____ collagen
Scurvy; Multiple collagen
101
Hyperextensible skin and hypermobile joints are symptoms of ____
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
102
Which form of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is characterized with life-threaning weakness in blood vessels or intestines? Type IV EDS
103
What are the non-collagen components of extracellular matrix?
Elastin, Ground substance
104
What 3 components make up the 'ground substance' of the ECM?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), Proteoglycans, Multiadhesive matrix proteins What are the 2 multiadhesive matrix proteins in ground substance of ECM?
105
____ fibers are very thin and are not visible in normal histological preparations after regular staining (H & E).
Reticular fibers
106
Diameter of reticular fibers
0.5 - 2nm
107
What two stains are used for reticular fibers?
Silver salts and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
108
Reticular fibers can be visualized and stained _____ after impregnation with _____
Black; Silver salts
109
Affinity of reticular fibers for silver is called ______.
argyrophilia
110
Reticular fibers are stained with the PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) reaction due to the high content of ______ associated with the fibers.
glycoproteins
111
Percentage of hexoses in reticular fibers is ____%, while collagen fibers contain ______% hexoses.
6-12%; 1%
112
It is now recognized that reticular fibers are a special form of ______ collagen.
Type III collagen
113
______ fibers form a delicate supporting framework for highly cellular tissues such as endocrine glands, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, and spleen.
Reticular fibers
114
Reticular fibers are composed mainly of _____ collagen with a _____ that reduces Ag+ to metallic silver, making them ______.
Type III; carbohydrate moiety; argyrophilic
115
Special silver impregnation techniques are used for visualization of ______.
Reticular fibers
116
Which is thinner? Reticular fibers (Type III collagen) or Type I collagen?
Reticular fibers
117
What is the thickness of Type III and Type I collagen fibers?
Type III fibers = 30 - 40nm; Type I fibers = about 200nm in diameter
118
Reticular fibers (type III collagen) are made by _____ and _____.
reticular cells (specialized fibroblasts) and vascular smooth muscle cells
119
Reticular cells are _____
Specialized fibroblasts
120
Elastic fibers are highly elastic and stretch in response to tension and are formed from the protein _______.
Elastin
121
The amino acid composition of elastin is similar to that of _____
Collagen
122
Elastin is rich in which 3 amino acids?
Glycine, Proline, Valine
123
The unusual amino acids in elastin are
Desmosine and isodesmosine
124
rich in glycine and proline, and uniquely contains ______ and ______.
desmosine and isodesmosine
125
Elastic fibers are very prominent in elastic tissues such as ____
Elastic ligaments
126
When present in high concentration, elastin imparts a ______ color to the tissue.
yellow
127
Elastic laminae of arterial blood vessel walls are composed of a ____ form of elastin
non-fibrillar
128
Elastin can be stained in histological preparations using ______.
orcein
129
Elastin is rich in glycine and proline, but contains little or no ______ and ______.
hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
130
What is responsible for rubber-like properties of elastin?
Cross-linking of desmosine and isodesmosine into network of randomly coiled chains.
131
Elastin is present in large amounts in ____, ____, ____, ____ and _____
Ligaments, Lung, Skin, Bladder, Walls of blood vessels
132
Light Microscopy: Visualized by selectively staining with ______ or ______.
Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin; Aldehyde-fuchsin
133
Electron Microscopy: elastic fibers consist of an amorphous core of elastin surrounded by ______.
fibrillin
134
Fibrillin is a microfibrillar ______ with diameter of _____
Microfibrillar glycoprotein; 8-10nm
135
Marfan Syndrome is caused by a defect in the synthesis of ______.
elastic fibers
136
Three symptoms of Marfan syndrome
Reduced elasticity in skin and lungs, skeletal defects, and cardiovascular complications are seen in _____
137
Network of ______ molecules can stretch and recoil like a rubber band.
elastin
138
Linear (unbranched) polysaccharides found in the ECM that are very hydrophilic due to abundant negative charges found in ground substance of ECM of connective tissue is _____.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
139
The component of ground substance of connective tissue ECM that binds cells, other proteins and or ECM components is _____
Proteoglycans
140
Small glycosylated proteins containing numerous binding sites to cells, signaling molecules, and other ECM components is ____
Multiadhesive glycoproteins
141
Four examples of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in ground substance of connective tissue ECM
Heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid
142
GAGs are very hydrophilic due to abundant ______ groups.
SO3- (sulfate) groups
143
Except for ______, most GAGs are covalently bound to protein cores as part of proteoglycans.
Hyaluronic acid
144
Proteoglycans consist of a ______ core and ______ side chains.
core protein, GAG
145
Small glycosylated proteins with multiple binding sites for cells, signaling molecules, and ECM components.
Multiadhesive glycoproteins
146
Two examples of multiadhesive glycoproteins are _____ and _____
Laminin, Fibronectin
147
Multiadhesive glycoproteins are important for adhesion of _____ to _____ via ______ receptors
Epithelial cells to the basal lamina via transmembrane integrin receptors
148
What is the most common or key cells in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
149
What is responsible for synthesis and secretion of ECM components including fibers and ground substance?
Fibroblasts
150
What are the two stages of fibroblasts?
Active and Quiescent (dormant) stages
151
In quiescent stage, fibroblasts are sometimes called _____ or ____
Fibrocytes or mature fibroblasts
152
What activates quiescent cells of fibroblasts?
Tissue injury
153
Fibroblasts actively divide always T or F
False, fibroblasts rarely divide
154
Which connective tissue cells respond to injury by proliferating and enhancing fiber formation?
Fibroblasts
155
_______ escape from blood vessels into connective tissue where they differentiate into macrophages.
Monocytes
156
Two primary functions of macrophages?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
157
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation are carried out by which immune cells in connective tissue?
Macrophages
158
The principal function of _____ is storage in secretory granules and regulated release of histamine and other vasoactive mediators.
Mast cells
159
Which cells are responsible for immediate hypersensitivity responses in allergies, asthma, or anaphylactic shock?
Mast cells
160
Connective tissue mast cells are typically found in ______ and ______.
skin (dermis), peritoneal cavity
161
Mucosal mast cells are located in the mucosa of the ______ and _____.
digestive and respiratory tracts
162
Which stain changes mast cell granules to red?
Toluidine blue
163
When stained with toluidine blue, mast cell granules exhibit ______, changing the dye's color to red.
Metachromasia
164
Densely packed collagen fibers, often in perpendicular bundles is seen in ____ connective tissue
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
165
Which connective tissue resists tension in many directions and provides mechanical support?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
166
Which CT is found in tendon and which in arteries?
Collagenous dense regular in tendons, Elastic dense regular in arteries
167
Which CT has dense and orderly collagen fibers and is found in tendons?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Collagenous)
168
Which tissue contains elastin fibers, allows flexibility and is found in arteries?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Elastic)
169
Cells and fibers in Dense CT?
Fibroblasts (cells); Collagen heavily packed in ECM
170
Cells and fibers in Reticular CT?
Reticular cells & Reticular fibers
171
Cells and fibers in Loose CT? Fibroblasts (cells) & Collagen fibers
172
Cells and fibers in cartilage?
Chondrocytes & Collagen (Type I in fibrocartilage, Type II in hyaline and elastic)
173
Cells and ECM composition in bone?
Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts & Calcified lamellae
174
Cells and ECM composition in blood?
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets & Blood plasma
175
Cells and ECM composition in adipose tissue?
White adipocytes, Brown adipocytes & No ECM
176
Cells and fibers in mesenchyme?
Mesenchymal cells & Reticular fiber
177
Cells and fibers in mucoid tissue?
Mesenchymal cells & Collagen
178
Collagen fibers in Dense Connective Tissue can be arranged ______ in Dense Irregular or ______ in Dense Regular.
randomly; in parallel order
179
Reticular fibers in Reticular CT are arranged in _____
delicate networks
180
Collagen fibers in Loose CT are _____ in ECM
Loosely scattered
181
Mesenchyme and mucoid tissue are ____ types of CT
Embryonic connective tissue
182
Which CT lacks ECM?
Adipose tissue
183
Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme and mucoid tissue) have low ECM. T or F
False; They are rich in ECM
184
Primitive tissue in embryo, source of all adult connective tissues is ______
Mesenchyme
185
____ is rich in ECM, contains collagenous matrix, found in umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)
Mucoid Tissue
