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Blood Flashcards

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0
Q

Supportive CT

A

cartilage, bone

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1
Q

Connective tissue classification

A

Dense, loose, adipose, reticular, elastic, mucous

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2
Q

Fluid CT

A

Blood

Lymph

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3
Q

Blood volume and % of body weight

A

Female 4/5 L
Male 5/6 L
7-8% of total body weight

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4
Q

Blood ph? Too high/low results in?

A

Ph 7.4
Too high - alkaline tetanus
Too low - acidic coma

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5
Q

Blood transport functions (5)

A 
O2 co2
Catabolites
Hormones
Immune response
Nutrients
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6
Q

Blood other functions (5)

A 
Reg body temp
Migration of leukocytes 
Acid base reg
Haemostasis - coagulation
Oncotic pressure - form tissue fluid
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7
Q

Hematocrit =

And mormal range in men/woman

A

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
Male 42-52
Female 37-47

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8
Q

Increase in heamtocrit?

A

Increase in blood viscosity,

Eg athletes - hematopoietin - increase hematocrit - increase blood viscosity

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9
Q

How to study blood?

A

Withdraw blood
Centrifuge for 10min
Components of blood seperates : buffy coat 1%, erthrocytes 44%, plasma 55%

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10
Q

Indication of hyperlipidemia

A

Blood centrifuge. White lipid serum when centrifuge.

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11
Q

3 types of deformities in rbc

A

Howell jolly body - remnant of nucleus
Cabot ring - mt remnant of mitotic spindle
Heinze body - denatured hemoglobin

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12
Q

Which stain for hemoglobinpathy ?

A

Crystal violet

Eg pink with Heinz body

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13
Q

Blood centrifuge importance of anticoagulant and 2 of these?

A

Heparin, sodium citrate.

Prevent blood clot from forming - fibronogen -> fibrin network

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14
Q

Buffycoat contains?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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15
Q

Blood composition : plasma?

A

Water 92
Plasma 6-8
Others 1

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16
Q

Plasma proteins

Where synthesised?

A

Albumin - oncotic protein
Globin a and b - transport protein
Globin y - antibodies
Fibrinogen and coagulation proteins - injured bv - blood clot - prevent blood exit

All in liver apart form globin y - plasma cells

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17
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Not cells.
Rbc and platelets.
Contain no nucleus therefore not cells

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18
Q

Formed elements are fixed by which method?

A

Romanowski method

Mix of acid, basic and neutral stainin

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19
Q

Size of rbc?

A

8um

Used at microscopic ruler. All similar size.

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20
Q

Rbc (6)

A 
5million/mm^2 male & 4.5million female
No nucleus, organelles - cont Hemoglobin
Flexible, resilient
ABO blood group (carbs surface)
Biconcave shape - increase sa 20-30%
Function : o2/c02 transport
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21
Q

Renewal of erthrocytes?
Life span?
Removed by?

A

RBC differentiate - mito, ribosomes, golgi, nucleus, RER lost.
Therefore no protein synthesis organelles - rapid age
120 days
Destroyed by phagocytosis

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22
Q

Reticulocytes (2)

When are they present?

A

Larger than mature rbc

Present - blood produced quickly - pathologies

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23
Q

Abnormal rbc (2)

A

Poikilocytosis - abnormal shape

Anisocytosis - abnormal volume

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24
Examples of poikilocytosis (3)
``` Tearget cells (codocytes) Schistocytosis Sickle cells (drepanocytes) ```
25
Hemolytic disease of newborn
``` Fetus rh + Mother rh - Placenta - rbc leak Mother produce anti rh antibodies Attack fetus rbc in child ```
26
Aging rbc
Decrease in sialic acid - phagocytosed by resident macrophages in spleen What does sialic acid do? Provide -ve chain, prevent adhesion to other rbc and bv.
27
What are glycophorins?
TMP Long chain of glycoproteins. Prevent adhesion to other cells and bv walls
28
Structure of rbc membrane? | Exmaple of a dimer membrane protein
Extracellular carbs form abo blood group system 50 proteins 40 lipids 10 carbs Spectrin - a and b dimer
29
4 rbc blood groups, antibodies and antigens present. Which uni donor and acceptor?
``` A ANTI B A ANTIGEN B ANTI A B ANTIGEN AB NONE A AND B ANTIGEN O ANTI A B NONE Uni acceptor - AB Uni donor - O ```
30
Failures of rbc membrane?
Mod of PM protein - band 3 protein Mod of cyto protein - ankryin, spectrin, protein 4.1, 4.2 Leas to spherocytosis, elipsocytosis, ovalcytosis
31
Spherocytosis (non inherited)?
Rbc no protein synthesis - lose function and flexibility - lose shape - spheroid shape. Unable to pass thru spleen. Hemocatalysis - macrophages - phagocytosis
32
Inherited spherocytosis?
Rbc loss of structural proteins - frail - rapidly removed and destroyed
33
Cytoplasm of rbc?
66% water | 33% protein - 95% haemoglobin 5% others
34
Leukocytes, quantity, types(and %), function?
6000-10000per mm^2 Granulocytes - neutrophils(60/70), basophils(0.5/1), eosinophils(2/4) Agranulocytes - monocytes(3/8), lymphocytes(15-20) Function - defense (humoral and cell mediated immune response)
35
Leukocytes to site of infection (3)
Ameboid movement. Chemotaxis. Diapedesis
36
Neutrophils. Diammeter. Nucleus. Granules. Function. Half life and lifespan. Extra (3)
10-14um. Multilobed. Azurophillic (proteases, hydrolases, peroxidases), secondary (microbacterial, collagenases, elastases, lysozymes), tertiary (gelatinases, cell specific enzymes) Function : cell phagocytosis vs pathogens HL 6/7 hrs LS 1/4 days Few organelle protein syn - no regen granules - die after granule released - pus at site of infection
37
Human females - neutrophils ?
Barr body. | Inactivated 2nd chromosome.(3%)
38
Neutrophils
Move via pseudopods. First wave to site of infection Work with macrophages and lymphocytes Cytokines released at site of infection (by local cells) - large no. Invade
39
How neutrophils recognise foreign substances?
Receptors on pm - bind and phagocytose | If foreign body contain antigen (opsonised) - response enchanced
40
Eosinophils basics?
Rounded, bilobed nucleus. Acidophilic granules - ovoid - specific disks Blood - 8/12 hr CT 3 days Removed by macrophages
41
Eosinophils function?
Remove antigen-antibody complex | Kill parasites
42
Eoisinophils granules(2)
Specific - MBP, Eosinophilic cationic protein, Eosinophilic peroxidase Azruophilic - lysozymes
43
Basophils: diammeter, nucleus, granules, function
12-15 um Basophillic specific granules : heparin, histamine. Many lysozomes. Functions : supplement mast cell - inflammation Bing to IgE - hypersensitivity reactions
44
Mast cell degranulation leads to...
Anaphylactic shock
45
Mast cells arise from
bm stem cells
46
Mast cell - Appearance after toluidine bleu stain
Metachromatic appearance
47
Mast cell - Life span
Few months
48
Mast cells compared to basophills (1)
Larger than basophills
49
Granules in mast cells
Heparin, histamine, aryl sulfatase (mod activity of cells), neutral proteins(tryptase, chymase), chemotactic factors - stimulate neutrophils and eosinophills
50
Allergy mechanism 6
Pathogen invades Plasma cells produce IgE antibodies. Bind to receptor on mast cell Second exposure. Antigen on pathogen bind to IgE on mast cell Degranulation. Histamine - bv dilate - leaky - edema - release mucous - sm contract
51
Lymphocytes quick
``` 7-8um. 20-40% Thin cytoplasm - agranular - basophilic Large nucleus. Non-terminally differentiated ReEnter circulation ```
52
Lymphocytes - linage
Arise in bone marrow - primary lymphoid organs - mature Thymus - t cells Bone marrow - b cells and nk cells
53
Percentage of lymphocyte cells and size types
B - 15 T - 80 Nk - 5 Small medium large lymphocytes
54
B lymphocytes (5)
``` Humoral response. Recognise antigen natural form Primary : recognise antigen - IgM prodcued Secondary : rapid, IgG than IgM produced Activated - plasma cells - antibodies ```
55
T lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity Long life Differentiate in thymus
56
T lymphocytes - cytoxic t cells
Cytoxic t cells - kill virus infected non-self cancer cell - release perforin and granenzymes (fragmentins)
57
Function of perforins and granenzymes
Perforins, granzymes - increase pm permeability, cell apoptosis, no antibodies - consumed by phagocytosis
58
T helper cells
Secrete interleukins and variety of mediators.
59
T suppresor cells
Antigen removed - Switch off lymphocyte response
60
Nk cells (5)
``` Large, granular lymphocytes No memory, non- specific Release lysosomes and perforins Kill virus infected and cancer cells Innate immune response ```
61
How long do monocytes circulate before entering into tissues and organs?
3/4 days
62
Monocytes (5)
14-18um. Kidney shaped nucleus. Precursor to macrophage. Azurophilic granules - lysozymes. Migrate to site of infection
63
Function of serotonin and platelets?
Platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction
64
Platelet life span and function?
10 days | Haemostasis and coagulation
65
Platelet structure - 3 regions
Hyalomere - peripheral - mt Granulomere - central - granules and organelles Membrancpe zone - open canalicular system (accumulation of Ca2+
66
Platelets - organelle zone?
Mito, peroxisomes, glycogen
67
Platelets granules (3)
Alpha - PDGF, Fibrinogen, other coagulation proteins Lamba - lysosomal enzymes ( remove clot ) Delta - dense bodies - calcium, serotonin, pyrophospahe
68
Which cell produces platelets and how?
Megakaryocyte, | Cytoplasm - pro-platelets - nucleus removed - fragmentation - released from pro-platelet ends.
69
Heamostasis and coagulation
Serotonin - vasoconstriction - platelet adhere to bv wall - activated - change shape, degranulation - cascade - further platelet aggregation - fibrinogen polymerisation -> fibrin network - 2 hemostatic plug - clot dissolution by lysosomes - lamba granules.
70
Platelet plug reinforced by...
Fibrin
71
Platelets bond to.....on bv wall
Collagen from ct
72
Where can bone marrow be collected?
Sternum, epiphysis of tibia, iliac crest. | Using specific needle
73
Bone marrow (2) types
Red - active - spongy bone - hematopoiesis Yellow - adipose - epiphysis of long bones
74
2 compartments in bm. Stromal and hematopoietic
Stromal : fibroblasts, adipose, endothelial, macrophages, bv Hematopoietic : hematopoetic stem cells
75
Bone marrow and immature mature stem cells?
Immature not able to leave - endothelial barrier - not mature - not recognised - transported into blood Mature - enter blood - transendothelial migration
76
Erythrocyte to reticulocyte main change?
Removal of nucleus
77
3 major cell types in bone marrow
Hematopoetic stem cells Commited stem cells - myeloid and lymphoid stem cells Mature cells
78
Cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (6)
Rbc, mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocyte, lymphocyte
79
Hematopoiesis 5 stages
Decrease in size Increase in hemoglobin Pro-erythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatophilic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythroblast

Histology (17 decks)

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