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Histology > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

0
Q

2 types of cells in neurons?

A

Neurons - excitable cells - transmit electrical signals

Neuroglia - nonexcitable cells - support, surround, wrap around neurons

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1
Q

Nervous tissue develops from?

A

Neural tube and neural crest cells

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2
Q

Neuron stem cells located?

A

Lateral ventricles
Hippocampus
Olfactory region

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3
Q

Neuron theory and if die?

A

Independent chain - not influence by other chains

If die, not replaced - post mitotic - highly differentiated

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4
Q

Length of axon. Longest axon. Cell body size?

A

1mm-1m. 1m = sciatic nerve

Cell body - 4-135um

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (3)

Central nervous system (2)

A

Hollow organs, nerves, ganglia

Brain (grey matter), spinal chord(csf)

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6
Q

3 types of neurons?

A

Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

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7
Q

Neuron Axon length classification? (3)

A 
Golgi 1 - long axon - being from grey matter
Golgi 2 (no or shorter axon) - not send out branches to grey matter

Developed animals - greater amount of golgi 1

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8
Q

Functional classification of neurons (3)

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons (99%)

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9
Q

Motor neurons can be ?

A

Inhibitory or stimulatory

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10
Q

Unipolar neuron?

A

One prolongement

less common in vertebrates

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11
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite

1 axon

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

Sensory gangila, dorsal root gangila

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13
Q

Dendrites? Structural(4) detected by (2) max length(1)

A

Cytoplasmic prolongements.
Branched. Thinner away from body.
Dendritic spines - receive synapses -Detected by florescent staining.
- EM microscope.

Max length 700um

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14
Q

Specific stain for neurons? (2) cytoskeleton and nissl bodies?

A

Cytoskeleton - gold staining

Nissyl bodies - rer polyribosomes - basic staining eg - h and e.

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15
Q

Organelles in neurons

A

Mito, rer, ser, nissl bodies, golgi, nucleus, nucleolus, mt, int filaments (neurofilaments), actin filaments, lipofucins (increase with age)

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16
Q

Mito in neurons?
Neurons in terms of mitosis?
What increases with age because of this?

A

Longi cisternae.
Post mitotic.
Increase of Iipofucins with age

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17
Q

What lacks in dendrites and nissl body staining?

A

Ser

Basic staining - basophillic due to rer and polyribosomes

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18
Q

Axon. Function. Length. Diammeter. Sheath. Cytoplasm. Filaments. Organelles

A

Info to periphery.
Long 1mm to 1m
Uniform diameter, eventually collateral
Simple or complex sheath ( myelin sheath or neurilemma)
Cytoplasm (axoplasm,). Neurofilaments parallel to axis, mt, actin
No organelles involved in protein syn eg rer. Large no of mito

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19
Q

Dendrites and axon differences

A

Dendrites
Ribosomes, rer. Non uniform. No sheath, irregular. Shorter and branches.
Axon
No organelles in protein syn. Uniform diammeter. Long. Not branched. Sheath. Large no of mito

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20
Q

Neurofilaments, mt, actin filaments function in neurons?

A

Neuro Filaments - int filaments - support
Mt - axonal flux regulation
Microfilaments - actin - longi and circ arrangement - rel of net and axonal transport

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21
Q

Axonal transport. Motor proteins. And 2 types of transport in terms of speed

A

Kinesin +, dyenin - map
Fast 50-400mm/day- antero - away - protein, organelles, veesicles
- vesicles pm renewal, organelles to be destroyed
Slow - 1mm / day cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic subunits

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22
Q

What type of transport is herpes virus?

A

Reterograde

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23
Q

Glial cells in pns and cn - cell body

A

Glial cells - CNS

Satellite cells - PNS

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24
Q

Glial cells - neuron - axon

A

Axon - myelin sheath - neurolemma
Schwann cells - PNS
Oligodendrocytes - CNS - connect to multiple neurons

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25
Q

Nerve fibre pns

A

Unmylinated - pale staining - one Schwann cell interacting with more than one axon - actin fil, mt inside axon
Myelinated - Schwann cell wrapped around axon - schmitt-lantermann clefts

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26
Q

Layers surrounding axon

Em microscope see ->

A

Int ext mesaaxon

Em microscope - internodal segment (100-200um)

27
Q

Fibres of cns?

A

Glial cells - oligodendrocytes - large no of prolongements - wrap around multiple axons

28
Q

Major dense line

A

Adheion of inner pm

Represents adhesion of inner layer of schwnn cells

29
Q

Intraperiod line

A

Represent adhesion of outer layer of pm

30
Q

Myeline pathologies

A

Immune system - auto antibodies - destroyed plp (protolipid protein) mpb(myelin basic protein)
Responsible - myeline degeneration -> multiple sclerosis

31
Q

Myeline sheath function (3)

A

Insulation, saltatory conduction, nerve regen

32
Q

Schmitt-lanterman clefts

A

Irregularities in pm due to cytoplasm of schwann cell

33
Q

Myelinated - pns and cns

A

Pns - white matter + initial tract of nerves

Cns - spinal and cranial nerves

34
Q

Unmylinated areas

A

Nodes of ranvir

Tactile afferents

35
Q

Presynaptic membrane - ser?

A

Reprocess endocytotic vesicles -> synaptic vesicles

36
Q

1 neuron connected to max?

A

10000 synapses

37
Q

Synapses are?

A

Chemical(diffusion) or electrical(gap junctions)

Unidirectional

38
Q

Synaptic cleft approx size?

A

25um

39
Q

Different types of synapses?

A

Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Axodentritic
Dendrodentritic

40
Q

Proteins in pre-synaptic membrane?

A 
Synapsin 1(connector protein of synaptic vesicles to fodrin filaments)
Fodrin (filamentous protein)
41
Q

Pre-synaptic grid?

Post-synaptic ?

A

Actin filaments

Electron dense layer

42
Q

How calcium effects vesicle release in presynaptic membrane?

A

Depolarisation - ca channels open - ca bind to calmodulin - active protein kinase - phosphorylation of synapsin - lose affinity for vesicles and fodrin - vesicles released - v snare on vesicles bind to t snare on presynaptic membrane - endocytosis

43
Q

2 types of synapse

A

type one - asymmetric - wide cleft - post syn thicker - excitatory

Type 2 - symmetric - equal thickness of post and pre - inhibitory

44
Q

Example of NETs (9)

A

Ach, serotonin, gaba, dopamine, norepinephine, epinephine, endorphins, glycine, no

45
Q

Ganglion

A

All body of neurone with satellite cells

46
Q

Glia (5)

A 
Non excitable
49% of cells in nervous
Proliferate - involved in tumours
Synapse stabilisation
Support neurons - mechanical, metabolic support. Delivery of nutrients
47
Q

Pns and cells (2) in cross section and nucleus

A

Schwann and satellite cells
Nerves and ganglia
Cross section - rounded
Nucleus - nucleuolus

48
Q

Central nervous system (4)

A

Ependymal cells - line cavities + spaces
Astrocytes - many prolongements - blood brain barrier - protect brain
Oligodendrocytes - myeline sheath -wrap around multiple neurons
Microglia - from monocytes - phagocytosis

49
Q

Schwann cells and nerve regen

And when only possible

A

Damage to terminal axon
Macrophages/microglia - distal part of damaged nerve - remove cell debris
Schwann cells proliferate - proximal part
Only possible if no damage to cell body

50
Q

Ependymal cells (5)

A 
Apical - cilia
Produce csf
Line ventricles, cavities and spaces
Similar to epithelial cells 
May function of stem cells
51
Q

Astrocytes shape and where abudant?

A

Star shaped and thinly branched

CNS

52
Q

Specific marker for astrocyte is?

A

GFAP - Int, filament.

Down Regulated during pathology

53
Q

2 types of astrocytes and where found.

A

Fibrous - white matter - straight, fewer processes

Protoplasmic - grey matter - numerous short branching processes

54
Q

Function of astrocytes (4)

A

Structural support, repair of scar tissue, phagocytosis, reg. of met blood brain barrier

55
Q

Ananolog of oligodenrocytes in pns?

A

Schwann cells

56
Q

Oligodendrocytes?

A

Found in cns. 70% of glial cells
Multiple axon form myeline sheath.
Rounded nucleus, abundant golgi

57
Q

Microglia

A

Monocyte linage. Phagocytosis
Large no of lysoosmes, lipofucins, vesicles.
Little mt and rer

58
Q

Microglia and pathologies

A

Involved in inflammatory pathology of brain - contribute to neural pathologies.
Microglia - flattened nuclei - difficult to distinguish.

59
Q

Blood brain barrier? Ans other examples

A 
Formed by astrocytes.
Protoplasmic - grey matter
Fibrous - white matter
Perivascular feet - separate blood vessels from neuron. 
Thymus, testis, air.
60
Q

Cross section of blood brain barrier (3)

How different to capp?

A

Thin endothelial cells - on basal lamina
Epithelial cells connected by - occluding junctions - zo1-2 proteins.
Req specific carrier/transporter - specific mat.
Capp contain pores - no gap junctions

61
Q

Catecholamine net, amino acid net?

A

Synth from tyrosine - Dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline

Aa (mainly cns)- glycine, aspartate, gaba, glutamate

62
Q

Post synaptic sympathetic nervous system net (ans)?

A

Adrenaline.

Synapse convert nor into adrenaline = adrenergic via enzymes

63
Q

Shwann cell wrapping 4 areas of note?

A

Intra period line - extracellular space
Major dense line - cytoplasm of shwann cell
Inner and outer mesaxon

64
Q

Thickness of myeline sheath determined by?

A

Diameter of axon and NOT schwann cell

65
Q

Function of satellite cell and where found.

A

Form complete layer around cell bodies ganglia
Surrounded by small cuboidal cells - satellite cells.
Maintain microenvironment around cell body,
insulation,
pathway for met exchanges

66
Q

Analog of schwann in pns?

A

Satellite cells

Histology (17 decks)

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