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Nervous Flashcards

0
Q

2 types of cells in neurons?

A

Neurons - excitable cells - transmit electrical signals

Neuroglia - nonexcitable cells - support, surround, wrap around neurons

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1
Q

Nervous tissue develops from?

A

Neural tube and neural crest cells

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2
Q

Neuron stem cells located?

A

Lateral ventricles
Hippocampus
Olfactory region

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3
Q

Neuron theory and if die?

A

Independent chain - not influence by other chains

If die, not replaced - post mitotic - highly differentiated

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4
Q

Length of axon. Longest axon. Cell body size?

A

1mm-1m. 1m = sciatic nerve

Cell body - 4-135um

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (3)

Central nervous system (2)

A

Hollow organs, nerves, ganglia

Brain (grey matter), spinal chord(csf)

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6
Q

3 types of neurons?

A

Unipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

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7
Q

Neuron Axon length classification? (3)

A 
Golgi 1 - long axon - being from grey matter
Golgi 2 (no or shorter axon) - not send out branches to grey matter

Developed animals - greater amount of golgi 1

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8
Q

Functional classification of neurons (3)

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons (99%)

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9
Q

Motor neurons can be ?

A

Inhibitory or stimulatory

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10
Q

Unipolar neuron?

A

One prolongement

less common in vertebrates

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11
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite

1 axon

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

Sensory gangila, dorsal root gangila

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13
Q

Dendrites? Structural(4) detected by (2) max length(1)

A

Cytoplasmic prolongements.
Branched. Thinner away from body.
Dendritic spines - receive synapses -Detected by florescent staining.
- EM microscope.

Max length 700um

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14
Q

Specific stain for neurons? (2) cytoskeleton and nissl bodies?

A

Cytoskeleton - gold staining

Nissyl bodies - rer polyribosomes - basic staining eg - h and e.

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15
Q

Organelles in neurons

A

Mito, rer, ser, nissl bodies, golgi, nucleus, nucleolus, mt, int filaments (neurofilaments), actin filaments, lipofucins (increase with age)

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16
Q

Mito in neurons?
Neurons in terms of mitosis?
What increases with age because of this?

A

Longi cisternae.
Post mitotic.
Increase of Iipofucins with age

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17
Q

What lacks in dendrites and nissl body staining?

A

Ser

Basic staining - basophillic due to rer and polyribosomes

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18
Q

Axon. Function. Length. Diammeter. Sheath. Cytoplasm. Filaments. Organelles

A

Info to periphery.
Long 1mm to 1m
Uniform diameter, eventually collateral
Simple or complex sheath ( myelin sheath or neurilemma)
Cytoplasm (axoplasm,). Neurofilaments parallel to axis, mt, actin
No organelles involved in protein syn eg rer. Large no of mito

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19
Q

Dendrites and axon differences

A

Dendrites
Ribosomes, rer. Non uniform. No sheath, irregular. Shorter and branches.
Axon
No organelles in protein syn. Uniform diammeter. Long. Not branched. Sheath. Large no of mito

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20
Q

Neurofilaments, mt, actin filaments function in neurons?

A

Neuro Filaments - int filaments - support
Mt - axonal flux regulation
Microfilaments - actin - longi and circ arrangement - rel of net and axonal transport

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21
Q

Axonal transport. Motor proteins. And 2 types of transport in terms of speed

A

Kinesin +, dyenin - map
Fast 50-400mm/day- antero - away - protein, organelles, veesicles
- vesicles pm renewal, organelles to be destroyed
Slow - 1mm / day cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic subunits

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22
Q

What type of transport is herpes virus?

A

Reterograde

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23
Q

Glial cells in pns and cn - cell body

A

Glial cells - CNS

Satellite cells - PNS

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24
Glial cells - neuron - axon
Axon - myelin sheath - neurolemma Schwann cells - PNS Oligodendrocytes - CNS - connect to multiple neurons
25
Nerve fibre pns
Unmylinated - pale staining - one Schwann cell interacting with more than one axon - actin fil, mt inside axon Myelinated - Schwann cell wrapped around axon - schmitt-lantermann clefts
26
Layers surrounding axon | Em microscope see ->
Int ext mesaaxon | Em microscope - internodal segment (100-200um)
27
Fibres of cns?
Glial cells - oligodendrocytes - large no of prolongements - wrap around multiple axons
28
Major dense line
Adheion of inner pm | Represents adhesion of inner layer of schwnn cells
29
Intraperiod line
Represent adhesion of outer layer of pm
30
Myeline pathologies
Immune system - auto antibodies - destroyed plp (protolipid protein) mpb(myelin basic protein) Responsible - myeline degeneration -> multiple sclerosis
31
Myeline sheath function (3)
Insulation, saltatory conduction, nerve regen
32
Schmitt-lanterman clefts
Irregularities in pm due to cytoplasm of schwann cell
33
Myelinated - pns and cns
Pns - white matter + initial tract of nerves | Cns - spinal and cranial nerves
34
Unmylinated areas
Nodes of ranvir | Tactile afferents
35
Presynaptic membrane - ser?
Reprocess endocytotic vesicles -> synaptic vesicles
36
1 neuron connected to max?
10000 synapses
37
Synapses are?
Chemical(diffusion) or electrical(gap junctions) | Unidirectional
38
Synaptic cleft approx size?
25um
39
Different types of synapses?
Axosomatic Axoaxonic Axodentritic Dendrodentritic
40
Proteins in pre-synaptic membrane?
``` Synapsin 1(connector protein of synaptic vesicles to fodrin filaments) Fodrin (filamentous protein) ```
41
Pre-synaptic grid? | Post-synaptic ?
Actin filaments Electron dense layer
42
How calcium effects vesicle release in presynaptic membrane?
Depolarisation - ca channels open - ca bind to calmodulin - active protein kinase - phosphorylation of synapsin - lose affinity for vesicles and fodrin - vesicles released - v snare on vesicles bind to t snare on presynaptic membrane - endocytosis
43
2 types of synapse
type one - asymmetric - wide cleft - post syn thicker - excitatory Type 2 - symmetric - equal thickness of post and pre - inhibitory
44
Example of NETs (9)
Ach, serotonin, gaba, dopamine, norepinephine, epinephine, endorphins, glycine, no
45
Ganglion
All body of neurone with satellite cells
46
Glia (5)
``` Non excitable 49% of cells in nervous Proliferate - involved in tumours Synapse stabilisation Support neurons - mechanical, metabolic support. Delivery of nutrients ```
47
Pns and cells (2) in cross section and nucleus
Schwann and satellite cells Nerves and ganglia Cross section - rounded Nucleus - nucleuolus
48
Central nervous system (4)
Ependymal cells - line cavities + spaces Astrocytes - many prolongements - blood brain barrier - protect brain Oligodendrocytes - myeline sheath -wrap around multiple neurons Microglia - from monocytes - phagocytosis
49
Schwann cells and nerve regen | And when only possible
Damage to terminal axon Macrophages/microglia - distal part of damaged nerve - remove cell debris Schwann cells proliferate - proximal part Only possible if no damage to cell body
50
Ependymal cells (5)
``` Apical - cilia Produce csf Line ventricles, cavities and spaces Similar to epithelial cells May function of stem cells ```
51
Astrocytes shape and where abudant?
Star shaped and thinly branched CNS
52
Specific marker for astrocyte is?
GFAP - Int, filament. Down Regulated during pathology
53
2 types of astrocytes and where found.
Fibrous - white matter - straight, fewer processes | Protoplasmic - grey matter - numerous short branching processes
54
Function of astrocytes (4)
Structural support, repair of scar tissue, phagocytosis, reg. of met blood brain barrier
55
Ananolog of oligodenrocytes in pns?
Schwann cells
56
Oligodendrocytes?
Found in cns. 70% of glial cells Multiple axon form myeline sheath. Rounded nucleus, abundant golgi
57
Microglia
Monocyte linage. Phagocytosis Large no of lysoosmes, lipofucins, vesicles. Little mt and rer
58
Microglia and pathologies
Involved in inflammatory pathology of brain - contribute to neural pathologies. Microglia - flattened nuclei - difficult to distinguish.
59
Blood brain barrier? Ans other examples
``` Formed by astrocytes. Protoplasmic - grey matter Fibrous - white matter Perivascular feet - separate blood vessels from neuron. Thymus, testis, air. ```
60
Cross section of blood brain barrier (3) | How different to capp?
Thin endothelial cells - on basal lamina Epithelial cells connected by - occluding junctions - zo1-2 proteins. Req specific carrier/transporter - specific mat. Capp contain pores - no gap junctions
61
Catecholamine net, amino acid net?
Synth from tyrosine - Dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline Aa (mainly cns)- glycine, aspartate, gaba, glutamate
62
Post synaptic sympathetic nervous system net (ans)?
Adrenaline. | Synapse convert nor into adrenaline = adrenergic via enzymes
63
Shwann cell wrapping 4 areas of note?
Intra period line - extracellular space Major dense line - cytoplasm of shwann cell Inner and outer mesaxon
64
Thickness of myeline sheath determined by?
Diameter of axon and NOT schwann cell
65
Function of satellite cell and where found.
Form complete layer around cell bodies ganglia Surrounded by small cuboidal cells - satellite cells. Maintain microenvironment around cell body, insulation, pathway for met exchanges
66
Analog of schwann in pns?
Satellite cells

Histology (17 decks)

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