Blood and Blood typing Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
The process of RBC destruction is
A
- Spleen and liver remove dead RBCs
- Salvage iron and protein
- Remainder becomes bilirubin
- Liver incorporates bilirubin into bile
- Secreted into intestine
- Some lost with feces
2
Q
Dietary factors for RBC production
A
- Folic acid for cell division
- Vitamin B12 for erythrocyte maturation factor
- Iron for hemoglobin formation
- Protein for globin subunits
3
Q
Stimulators of RBC production
A
- Occurs in bone marrow
- Stimulated by eryhropoeitin excreted from kidneys
- Arterial hypoxia (lung disease or high altitudes)
- Testosterone
4
Q
RBC physical facts
A
- Biconcave, anucleated cell
- 7.2 micrometers in diameter
5
Q
Functions of the RBC
A
- Transports: Nutrients, Respiratory gasses, waste, and hormones
- Regulates: Body temperature and pH
- Protection: clot formation
- Nonspecific immunity: macrophages, natural killer cells
- Specific immunity: B and T lymphocytes
6
Q
Define blood
A
- Opaque red liquid connective tissue containing formed elements suspended in fluid plasma
- 90-95% of blood is water
7
Q
What is anemia?
A
- An abnormally low O2 carrying capacity of blood
- less than 16ml O2/dl of blood
8
Q
Anemia can be caused by
A
- Decreased number of RBCs
- Decreased Hb content
- Decreased Hb and RBCs
9
Q
Thalassemia is
A
- a genetic disorder which causes abnormal formation of hemoglobin leading to anemia
10
Q
Pernicious anemia is
A
- an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack parietal cells of the gastric glands that produce intrinsic factor preventing absorption of vitamin B12
- Or: a lack of B12
- Result: RBCs don’t mature properly and are macrocytic, hyperchroic, and nucleated
11
Q
Iron-deficiency anemia
A
- Cause: lack of iron, decreased Hb production
- Result: macrocytic, hypochromic
12
Q
Aplastic anemia
A
- aka normocytic/ normochromic anemia
- Cause: cytotoxic drugs, radiation, arsenic, DDT, benzene, genetic failure, or blood loss
- Results: reduced RBC count, decreased hematocrit
13
Q
Polycythemia
A
- An increase in the number of circulating RBCs
- >6.2 million cells/microliter
14
Q
Polycythemia vera
A
- A chronic slow progressive disease of the bone marrow
- Result: An increase in RBC number due to hyperactivity of the bone marrow
- Cause: high altitudes, carbon monoxide poisoning, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, and other lung problems
- Results: viscous blood increases load on the heart and can cause damage to the vessels leading to thrombosis.
15
Q
Function and percentage of Neutrophils
A
- 50-70%
- First phagocytes to arrive to the site of a bacterial invasion
- Die in greatest number during bacterial infection
16
Q
Function and percentage of Eosinophils
A
- 1-5%
- Engulf immune complexes or antigen-antibodies
- Detox foreign proteins
- Elevated with chronic allergies or parasitic infections
17
Q
Function and percentage of Basophils
A
- 0-1%
- Secrete heparin and histamine
- inhibits clotting, and causes vasodilation to promote inflammation and increases capillary permeability
18
Q
Function and percentage of lymphocytes
A
- 20-40%
- T-lymphocyte: produced in bone marrow and developed in the thymus
- Cell mediated immunity - fight viruses, suppress immune response, act as helpers
- B-lymphocyte: produced and developed in the marrow.
- Antibody-mediated immunity - fight bacteria
- Natural killer cells: remove pre-cancer or cancerous cells
19
Q
Function and percentage of monocytes
A
- 1-6%
- mature into macrophages (phagocytes)
- recognize and engulf invaders
- Present invaders to helper T cells (lymphocyte)
- Secrete interleukin I
20
Q
The local inflammatory response is
A
- redness
- heat
- swelling
21
Q
Plasma r/t blood donation
A
- whole blood - formed elements
- Contains electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-
- don’t need blood type to donate
- second safest donation
22
Q
Serum r/t blood donation
A
- Serum = plasma - clotting factors
- don’t need blood type to donate
- SAFEST donation
23
Q
The most dangerous blood donations are
A
whole blood
YOU MUST TYPE!
24
Q
The functions of plasma proteins are
A
- Maintain capillary osmotic pressure (hold water)
- Act as buffer to maintain pH
- Transport hormones
- Reserve of amino acids for cell nutrition
- Blood coagulation
25
Albumin
* maintain osmotic pressure and transport
26
Globulins
* Lipoproteins; immunoglobulins
27
Fibrinogen
blood clotting
28
Processes that maintain hemostasis r/t vessel rupture
* vasoconstriction above rupture
* Platelets clump to fill rupture
* Formation of hemostatic plug (clot)
* Clot retraction and dissolution (prevent thrombus)
29
Stage I of Coagulation
* Formation of prothrombin converting factor
30
Stage II of Coagulation
* Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin requires
* prothrombin
* prothrombin converting factor
* calcium
31
Stage III of Coagulation
* Convert soluable fibrinogen to insoluable fibrin (coagulation) requires
* Fibrinogen
* Throbin
* calcium
32
Physiological anticoagulants
* antithromboplastin
* antithrombin III
* heparin
33
Anticoagulant drugs
* Agents depressing procoagulants
* Agents that remove Ca2+ from the blood
* Agents that inhibit prothrombin synthesis in the liver
34
Clot buster drugs
* Tissue plasminogen activation (TPA)
* Streptokinase
* clot busters must be administered within 60 minutes of symptoms
35
Antigens are
proteins found on the RBC membrane
36
Antibodies are
proteins found in the plasma
37
Major agglutination is
* agglutination of the donor's blood
* occurs when the recipent's antibodies attack the antigens on the donor RBC
38
Minor agglutination is
* agglutination of the recipient's RBCs
* occurs when the donor's antibodies attack the recipient's antigens on the RBC surface
39
When assessing risk for reaction with blood donation ask
1. Will the recipient's antibodies attack the donor's RBC antigens?
1. Yes = major agglutination
2. Will the donor's antibodies attack the recipients RBC antigens?
1. Yes = minor agglutination
3. NOTE: O- whole blood can be given to anyone in an emergency and will result in minor agglutination (except O- recipient)
