Cell Structure

Question 1

The literal translation of physiology is…

Answer 1

the study of nature or natural processes

Question 2

The modern interpretation of physiology is…

Answer 2

the study of body functions

Question 3

The literal translation of homeostasis is…

Answer 3

wisdom of the body

Question 4

The modern meaning of homeostasis is

Answer 4

the bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite a changing environment

Question 5

A negative feedback system moves a system…

Answer 5

toward homeostasis; stabilization

the variable returns to normal values after a disturbance

Question 6

A positive feedback system moves the system…

Answer 6

• away from homeostasis; destabilization
• Tries to reinforce a stimulus and take the system away from a set point
• Not common in the human body

Question 7

General body organization

Cells are

Answer 7

• the basic structural unit of a living organismm
• they vary in size, shape and function

Question 8

General body organization

Tissues are

Answer 8

• made up of different types of cells with a common fuction
• 4 types in humans: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

Question 9

General body organization

Organs are

Answer 9

• discrete structures, composed of at least two tissue types, that perform a specific function

Question 10

General body organization

Organ systems are

Answer 10

• made of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Question 11

Cell structure and function

General classifications rely on

Answer 11

1. Size: range from 7-8 microns (RBCs) to 120 microns (Purkinje fibers)
2. Shape: squamous, columnar, cuboidal
3. Function: exocrine, endocrine, contractile, etc.

Question 12

Organells are

Answer 12

structures w/in a cell that have specific functions

Question 13

Inclusions are

Answer 13

residues w/in a cell

ex. pigment granules, viruses, bacteria, glycogen (stored sugar) etc.

Question 14

Membranous organelles include the following:

Answer 14

• nucleus
• endoplasmic reticulum
• mitochondria
• golig apparatus
• encased within a phospholipid bilayer

Question 15

Non-membranous membranes include the following:

Answer 15

• Microtubules
• Microfiliments
• Centrioles
• Ribosomes

Question 16

A micelle is…

Answer 16

a single layer phospholipid structure

• If the hydrophilic heads point out the medium is water
• If the hydrophobic tails point out the medium is non-polar.

Question 17

The hydrophilic heads are

Answer 17

non-lipid soluble and polar

Question 18

The hydrophobic tains are

Answer 18

lipid soluble and non-polar

Question 19

Phospholipids move within the membrane _______ and are arranged _______.

Answer 19

• laterally
• asymmetrically

Question 20

Cholesterol has the role of _________ of the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 20

stabilizing the membrane

Question 21

Proteins are arranged _________ in the phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 21

• asymmetrically
• may span the membrane (integral/intrinsic) or exist on the inner or outer periphery (ecto- endoprotein)

Question 22

The glycocalyx is

Answer 22

• “sugar cup”
• sugar coating to reduce friction on the surface of the cell

Question 23

The intracellular region carries a _____ charge

Answer 23

negative

Question 24

The extracellular matrix carries a ________ charge

Answer 24

positive

Question 25

The function of the nucleus is

Answer 25

* contains DNA * is the site where transcription occurs

Question 26

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is

Answer 26

* forms proteins * reticulum means "netting"

Question 27

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

* is the region of the cell that forms carbohydrates and lipids

Question 28

The mitochondrion

Answer 28

is the organelle which produces ATP (energy) through the aerobic citric acid cycle (Kreb cycle)

Question 29

The function of the lisosome

Answer 29

is to break down material in the cell They contain powerful digestive enzymes they are produced by the golgi apparatus

Question 30

The function of the golgi apparatus is

Answer 30

to store and package molecules made in cell. The cis face stores incoming material the trans face packages and releases lysosomes

Question 31

The function of microtubules is

Answer 31

to transport substances through the cell it is part of the cytoskeleton

Question 32

The function of the microfilaments is

Answer 32

to act as contractile elements they are part of the cytoskeleton

Question 33

The role of centrioles is to

Answer 33

guide chromosomes during mitosis

Question 34

Ribosomes carry

Answer 34

RNA

Question 35

Anabolism is

Answer 35

the building chemical reactions within a cell

Question 36

Catabolism is the

Answer 36

breaking down chemical reactions in the cell

Question 37

excretion is

Answer 37

releasing of waste products from the cell

Question 38

secretion is

Answer 38

the releasing of synthesized molecules from a cell (mucous, proteins, hormones etc)

Question 39

Mitosis is

Answer 39

cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (46)

Question 40

The order of steps of mitosis is

Answer 40

1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase 5. interphase

Question 41

During prophase...

Answer 41

the nuclear membrane dissapears and chromosomes form

Question 42

During metaphase

Answer 42

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

Question 43

During anaphase

Answer 43

chromosomes move back towards the centrioles

Question 44

During telephase

Answer 44

chromosomes approximate centrioles (cytokinesis) the parent cell divides into two daughter cells

Question 45

During interphase

Answer 45

the cell duplicates chromosomes in three phases 1. Gap1: organelles replicate 2. Synthesis: DNA duplicates 3. Gap2: final protein synthesis

Question 46

Mitosis occurs in order to

Answer 46

replace or increase tissue mass