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Blood and Organs Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 main components of blood?

A

-plasma
-platelets
-red blood cells
-white blood cells

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2
Q

what does plasma do?

A

-liquid part of the blood which transports cells around the body

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3
Q

what does plasma transport?

A

-red and white blood cells
-platelets
-digested food products (glucose, amino acids) from the gut to cells
-CO2 from cells to lungs
-urea from liver to kidney
-hormones
-heat energy

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4
Q

what do platelets do?

A

when you damage a blood vessel platelets clump together to plug a damaged area

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5
Q

what do blood clots do?

A

stop the body loosing too much blood and prevent micro-organisms from entering the body

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6
Q

what are platelets in a blood colt held together by?

A

a mesh of a protein fibrin and clotting factors

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7
Q

how is a red blood cells shape adapted for its function?

A

-they are small
-have a biconcave shape
-to give a large surface area for absorbing and releasing haemoglobin

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8
Q

how is a red blood cells red pigment adapted for its function?

A

-the red pigment is called haemoglobin
-contains lots of haemoglobin
-reacts with O2 to make oxyhemoglobin to carry O2 around the body

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9
Q

how is a red blood cells having no nucleus adapted for its function?

A

-no nucleus frees up space for more haemoglobin so more O2 can be transported around the body

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10
Q

what’s a pathogen?

A

micro-organisms which cause disease

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11
Q

what do pathogens do once they get into the body?

A

they’ll reproduce rapidly unless they are destroyed

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12
Q

what are the two types of blood cells?

A

-phagocytes
-lymphocytes

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13
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

-detect things that are foreign, they engulf and digest them

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14
Q

what does ‘phagocytes are non-specific’ mean?

A

-they attack anything that’s no meant to be there

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15
Q

what unique molecules does a pathogen have on its surface?

A

antigen

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16
Q

what do lymphocytes do when they come across a foreign antigen?

A

-they will start to produce proteins called antibodies
-these lock onto the invading pathogens and mark them out for destruction by other white blood cells
-antibodies are then produced rapidly

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17
Q

what are memory cells?

A

-produced in response to a foreign antigen
-remain in the body to remember a specific antigen
-they can reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body again

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18
Q

why is it important to get a vaccination before the body gets infected with the disease?

A

-if you’re infected with a new, alive pathogen it can take lymphocytes a while to produce antibodies
-by that time the body could get very ill or even die

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19
Q

what happens when the body is vaccinated?

A

-usually involves injecting with a dead or inactive pathogen into the body
-which carry antigens that are harmless but still trigger a immune response
-lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them
-memory cells produced

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20
Q

what are the tree types of blood vessel?

A

-artery (carry blood away from the heart)
-vein (carry blood to the heart)
-capillary (involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues)

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21
Q

describe the structure of the artery

A

-strong and elastic (to waistband high BP)
-elastic fibres to allow arteries to expand
-thick walls

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22
Q

what’s the job of capillaries?

A

-carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances
-supply food and O2 and take away waste like CO2

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23
Q

describe the structure of the capillaries

A

-really small
-permeable walls (so substances can diffuse out and in)
-once cell thick (decreases diffusion distance)

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24
Q

describe the structure of veins

Study These Flashcards
A

-less thick walls than artery (lower BP)
-bigger lumen
-valves (prevent back flow/blood going in wrong direction)
-

25
what are the largest artery and vein in the body
A- aorta V- vena cava
26
what does the right atrium do?
receives deoxygenated blood from the body (through the vena cava)
27
what does the right ventricle do?
receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps to the lungs (through the pulmonary artery)
28
what does the left atrium do?
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs (through the pulmonary vein)
29
what does the left ventricle do?
receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out round the whole body (though the aorta)
30
why is the left side of heart thicker?
-because the left side need more muscles as it has to pump blood round the whole body -and higher pressure than right side
31
WHY does exercise increase HR?
-muscles need more energy so more respiration -need more O2 in the cells and remove more CO2 -for this to happen the blood has to flow faster so HR increases
32
HOW does exercise increase HR?
-exercise increases the amount of CO2 in the blood -high levels of CO2 are detected by receptors in the aorta and carotid artery -which send signals to the brain -braun sends signals to the heart to contact more frequently and with more force
33
how does the hormonal system help control heart rate?
-when an organism is threatened the adrenal glands secret adrenaline -adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart which causes cardiac muscle to contact more frequently with more force -increasing O2 supply to the tissues
34
which 2 blood vessels are exceptions to the rule that 'arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood'
-pulmonary artery -pulmonary vein
35
what is pulmonary to do with?
lungs
36
what is hepatic to do with?
liver
37
what is renal to do with?
kidneys
38
what is CHD?
-coronary arteries that supply blood blood to the muscle in the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material build up -causes arteries to narrow
39
what are 3 risk factors of CHD?
-diet high in saturated fats -smoking -being inactive
40
explain why a diet high in saturated fats is a risk factor for CHD?
-the high cholesterol in saturated fats can lead to fatty deposits (plaque) forming inside the artery leading to CHD
41
explain why smoking is a risk factor for CHD?
-smoking increases blood pressure which can cause damage to the inside of the coronary arteries -chemicals in cigarette smoke can also cause damage -the damage makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form narrowing the artery
42
explain why being inactive is a risk factor for CHD?
-being inactive can lead to high blood pressure -which can cause damage to the inside of the coronary arteries makes it more likely that fatty deposits will form narrowing the artery
43
what is excretion?
removal of waste products
44
what are the waste products if the skin and lungs?
lungs- CO2 skin- sweat
45
what system are the kidneys a part of?
urinary system
46
what are the kidneys main 3 roles? (3)
1.removal of urea 2.regulation of salt in the blood 3.regulation of water in blood
47
describe ultrafiltration
1. blood from the renal artery flows through the glomerulus 2. a high blood pressure is built up and squeezes water, urea, ions and glucose out of the blood into the Bowmans capsule 3. the membrane between the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule doesn't allow proteins and blood cells to leave the blood
48
what is the glomerulus?
a bundle of capillaries at the start of the nephron
49
describe reabsorption
1. all the glucose is reabsorbed from the first coiled tubule (to be used in resp) through active transport 2. sufficient ions are absorbed, excess aren't 3. sufficient water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct by osmosis
50
how does the nephron release waste?
the remaining substances (including water, ions, urea) form urine. this continues out the nephron, through the ureter and down the bladder where not os stored before being released through the urethra
51
what is osmoregulation?
regulation of water at the kidneys
52
what are the 3 main ways water is lost?
-breathing -sweating -peeing
53
how do the kidneys regulate water?
-if a person is sweating lost of hasn't drunk enough water then the kidneys reabsorb more water -or if there is too much water then the kidneys excrete more
54
what is the urine like when the kidneys reabsorb more water?
-smaller volume -more concentrated
55
what hormone controls the amount of water that is reabsorbed by the kidneys?
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
56
what does ADH do?
makes the collecting ducts more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood
57
where is ADH secreted from?
pituitary gland
58
A)what mechanism controls osmoregulation? B)what does it mean?
A)negative feedback B) means that is the water content gets too high or too low a mechanism will be triggered to bring it back to normal

Biology (10 decks)

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