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Biology > The Nature and Variety of Organisms > Flashcards

The Nature and Variety of Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

what does MRS GRENC stand for? (the eight basic characteristics)

A

1.movement
2.respiration
3.sensitivity
4.growth
5.reproduction
6.excretion
7.nutrition
8.control of internal environments

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2
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are complex, and include all animal and plant calls. Prokaryotic calls are smaller and simpler e.g. bacteria.

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3
Q

what are all the organelles in a animal cell? (5)

A

Nucleus, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribsomes

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4
Q

describe the nucleus

A

the organelle which contains genetic material. that controls the cells activities

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5
Q

describe the cell membrane

A

this membrane forms the outer surface of the cell and controls the substance that go in and out

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6
Q

describe the cytoplasm (2)

A

a gel like substance where most the cells chemical reactions take place, contains enzymes which control these reactions

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7
Q

describe the mitochondria (2)

A

small organelles where aerobic respiration takes place, contains ATP

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8
Q

describe ribosomes

A

small organelles where proteins are made

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9
Q

what organelles do plants cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

Chloroplasts, Cell wall, Vacuole

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10
Q

describe chloroplasts (2)

A

where photosynthesis happens which makes food for the plant and contains chlorophyll

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11
Q

describe the cell wall in a plant(3)

A

a rigid structure made of cellulose, which surrounds the cell membrane and supports and strengthens it.

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12
Q

describe the vacuole (2)

A

a large organelle that contains cell sap and helps support the cell

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13
Q

what is a tissue? (2)

A

a tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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14
Q

what is an organ?

A

a group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function

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15
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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16
Q

what type of cell can turn into any cell

A

embryonic stem cells

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17
Q

what is the risk of using stem cells for medicine? (2)

A

stem cells grown in a lab may become contaminated with a virus which could be passed on to the patient and so make them sicker

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18
Q

how can embryonic stem cells be used to cure disease? give example (2)

A

they can be use to replace faulty cells in sick people; e.g. make insulin producing cells for someone with diabetes

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19
Q

why are some people against stem cell research?

A

they feel that human embryos should not be used as it is a possible human life

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20
Q

description of a plant /4
(muli/unicellular, chloro?, cell wall?, store of carb?)

A

-multicellular
-have chloroplasts for photosynthesis
-have cell walls made from cellulose
-store carbohydrate as sucrose or starch

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21
Q

description of an animal /6
(muli/unicellular, chloro?, cell wall?, store of carb?, coordination?, movement?)

A

-multicellular
-no chloroplasts so no photo
-they don’t have cell walls
-most have nervous coordination (respond rapidly to change in environment)
-move around from one place to another
-store carbohydrate as glycogen

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22
Q

description of fungi /6
(multi/unicellular, structure?, photo?, cell wall?, feeding?, store of carb?)

A

-some are single celled
-others have a body called a mycelium which are made up of hyphae (threat like structures)
-cant photosynthesis
-cell walls made up of chitin
-most feed by saprotrophic nutrition
-store carbohydrate as glycogen

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23
Q

what is saprotrophic nutrition? (3)

A

when fungi secret extracellular enzymes into the area outside their body to dissolve food so they can absorb the nutrients

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24
Q

give 2 examples of a plant

Study These Flashcards
A

-cereals such as maize
-herbaceous legumes such as peas and beans

25
give 2 examples of an animal
-mammals such as humans -insects such as houseflies and mosquitoes
26
give 2 examples of fungi
-yeast, a single celled fungi -Mucor, a multicellular fungi which has mycelium and hyphae
27
describe a protoctist /3 (single/multicell, photo?, animal?)
-single celled and microscopic -some have chloroplasts and are similar to plant cells -but some are more like animal cells
28
which organisms are eukaryotic and which are prokaryotic or none
eukaryotic- plant, animal, fungi, protoctists prokaryotic- bacteria none-virus
29
describe a bacteria /5 (multi/single, nucleus?, photo?, feeding?)
-single celled and microscopic -no nucleus -instead have a circular chromosome of DNA (plasmids) -some photosynthesis -most feed of other organisms dead or living
30
describe a virus /5 (size?, reproduction?, infection?, structure?, DNA?)
-they are particles smaller than bacteria -they can only reproduce inside living cells, an example of a parasite -they infect all types of living organisms -they come in loads of shapes and sizes -no cellular structure, they have a protein coat around some genetic material (DNA OR RNA)
31
give 2 examples of protoctists
-chlorella (plant cell like) -amoeba (animal cell like) lives in pond water
32
give 2 examples of a bacteria
-lactobacillus bulgaricus,( makes milk go sour and turn into yoghurt) -pneumococcus, causes pneumonia
33
give 3 examples of virus
-influenza virus -tobacco mosaic virus (infects tobacco plants by stopping them from making chloroplasts) -HIV
34
what is a pathogen?
organisms that cause disease
35
give 3 examples of pathogens including a virus, a bacteria and a protoctist
protoctist- plasmodium which causes malaria bacterium- pneumococcus causing pneumonia virus- influenza virus which causes flu
36
what is an enzyme?
catalysts that make chemical reactions work
37
what is the name for a useful chemical reaction?
metabolic reaction
38
an enzyme is a protein. what is a protein made up of? (3)
a chain of amino acids which are folded into unique shapes for enzymes to do their jobs
39
what is a substrate?
a molecule that is changed in a reaction
40
what happens at the active site on the enzyme?
the substrate joins on to the enzyme
41
how does temperature change a reaction?
changing the temp changes the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.
42
what does increased temperature do to an enzyme? (4)
-at first the rate increases at a higher temp as the enzyme and the substrate have more energy so they collide more frequently -but if it gets too hot turn the bonds holding the enzyme together break and the active site changes shape so the substrate won't fit. this denatures the enzyme.
43
all enzymes have a ....... temperature and pH they work best at
optimum
44
how does pH effect the enzyme? (3)
if pH is too high or too low the pH interferes with the bond holding the enzyme together and changes the shape of the active site so the substrate can't fit and the enzyme denatures
45
definition of diffusion
the net movement of particles form an area of high concentration to a area of lower concentration
46
what do the particles do in diffusion?
move down the concentration gradient
47
what are the 3 processes where substances move in and out of cells?
-diffusion -osmosis -active transport
48
which molecules can can diffuse through cell membranes?
-small molecules such as glucose, amino acids, water and oxygen -big molecules like starch and proteins cannot fit through the membrane
49
definition of osmosis
the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of water of a higher concentration to a region of a lower concentration
50
what is a partially permeable membrane?
a membrane with very small holes in it so only tiny water molecules can pass through them
51
what is tissue fluid and what does it do? (3)
tissue fluid surrounds the cells in the body and is made up of oxygen glucose and water. it is squeezed out of the blood capillaries and supplies the cells with every thing they need via osmosis.
52
definition of active transport
the movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy released during respiration
53
what is the importance of active transport? (3)
it allows nutrients to be taken into blood, despite the fact that the concentration gradient is the wrong way. this is essential to stop us starving.
54
what are the 4 factors that affect the movement of substance?
-surface area to volume ratio -distance -temperature -concentration gradient
55
how does concentration gradient affect the movement of a substance? does this apply too all movements?(3)
substances move in and out the cell faster if there is a high concentration gradient (only for osmosis and diffusion) active transport if not affected by this.
56
how does distance affect the movement of a substance? (2)
if substances only have a short distance to move in and out the cells they will move in and out faster so shorter distance means higher rate of movement, e.g. a thin membrane is short distance
57
how does temperature affect the movement of a substance? (2)
as the particles get warmer they have more energy so they move faster so when temp increases substances move in and out the cell faster increasing rate of movement
58
how does surface area to volume ratio affect the movement of a substance?
the larger the surface area the faster the substance can move into and out the cell so rate of movement is faster

Biology (10 decks)

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