Blood Cells

Question 1

where do stem cells differentiate into different types of blood cell?

Answer 1

the bone marrow

Question 2

blood cells… (2)

Answer 2

are not attached to each other and circulate and migrate

Question 3

what kind of blood disorders are there? (2)

Answer 3

leukaemia and anaemia

Question 4

what disorders can cause changes in the blood? (2)

Answer 4

iron deficiency anaemia and malignancy eg carcinoma of colon

Question 5

what are lymphocytes?

Answer 5

white blood cells

Question 6

what is PVC and what does it do?

Answer 6

packed cell volume where the thickness of the packed red cells indicates how many cells are present

Question 7

after centrifugation what layers in the blood can be seen? (3)

Answer 7

yellow plasma on top, white cells and platelets in the middle making up the buffy coat and packed red cells at the bottom

Question 8

what is another name for red blood cells?

Answer 8

erythrocyte

Question 9

what are newly formed erythrocytes called?

Answer 9

reticulocytes

Question 10

what do reticulocytes retain?

Answer 10

a small amount of RNA which can be stained

Question 11

how can reticulocytes be identified?

Answer 11

staining using cresyl violet and methylene blue which shows up the RNA retained in them

Question 12

what is the life span of a erythrocyte?

Answer 12

120 days roughly

Question 13

in what form are red blood cells released from the bone marrow?

Answer 13

as reticulocytes

Question 14

how long after being released from the bone marrow will an erythrocyte be fully formed?

Answer 14

around 24 hours

Question 15

how does the short life span of the reticulocytes help give information on bone marrow activity?

Answer 15

the percentage of reticulocytes in the blood at one time can show if production of red blood cells is normal as reticulocytes should normally take up 0.5%-1% of the blood sample

Question 16

what does increased reticulocyte count indicate?

Answer 16

erythrocyte production has increased

Question 17

what does the graph showing the response to treatment in a patient with vitamin B12 deficiency look like?

Answer 17

in the first week there is an increased production of reticulocytes by bone marrow showing an immediate and rapid peak on the graph then much more slowly as the reticulocytes mature to erythrocytes the haemoglobin and red blood cell count also rises over many days

Question 18

how is blood spread on a slide?

Answer 18

from a dot on one side, spread across with an edge so the sample is thicker at one end and the perfect width in the middle

Question 19

what is a leucocyte?

Answer 19

a white blood cell

Question 20

what are the 3 kinds of leucocytes?

Answer 20

granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 21

what 3 leucocytes can granulocytes be divided into?

Answer 21

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 22

what is the normal haemoglobin content in a male and female?

Answer 22

m-130-180m/L

f-115-160m/L

Question 23

how do you identify a neutrophil?

Answer 23

segmented, multi-lobed nucleus which stains dark

Question 24

how do you identify a eosinophil?

Answer 24

segmented nucleus + granules in cytoplasm which sometimes stains an orange colour

Question 25

how do you identify a basophil?

Answer 25

rare cells, packed full of solid dark staining granules

Question 26

how do you identify a lymphocyte?

Answer 26

quite small, looks mostly nucleus and not much cytoplasm

Question 27

how do you identify a monocyte?

Answer 27

bigger cell with a larger nucleus

Question 28

what is another name for neutrophils?

Answer 28

polymorphs

Question 29

what leucocyte is first at the site of infection?

Answer 29

neutrophils

Question 30

what can neutrophils do to gain access to the site of infection?

Answer 30

bind to the membrane of the cell releasing inflammatory mediators which express receptors and stick to it and finds a gap in the wall to squeeze through

Question 31

what is chemotaxis?

Answer 31

movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus

Question 32

what can neutrophils do?

Answer 32

engulf bacteria and they can engulf very large pieces of debris as they are highly phagocytic

Question 33

when does mortality rate increase?

Answer 33

when the infection moves into the blood

Question 34

what does the chemicals produced from the bacteria do?

Answer 34

induces chemotaxis of neutrophils which confines pathogen to the local site

Question 35

what do the granules in eosinophil contain?

Answer 35

active agents that can kill other cells

Question 36

where is major basic protein found?

Answer 36

in eosinophils

Question 37

what are basophil cells packed with?

Answer 37

active granules

Question 38

what are mast cells and what do they do?

Answer 38

cells filled with basophil granules that release histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions

Question 39

what inhibits coagulation?

Answer 39

heparin

Question 40

what is histamine?

Answer 40

released in response to injury or allergy and causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

Question 41

describe the release of vasoactive amines by mast cells or basophils...

Answer 41

Fc receptors on mast cell or basophil bind to IgE antibody and when it meets the allergen, this triggers the release of **active substances

Question 42

asthma accounts for...

Answer 42

1/3 USA paediatric emergencies and 2000 deaths in the UK per year

Question 43

what causes asthma?

Answer 43

damage to the epithelial lining and cells that are important for respiratory function are being lost

Question 44

what is ECF-A?

Answer 44

a eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis

Question 45

what is SRS-A?

Answer 45

a slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis

Question 46

what is a monocyte?

Answer 46

a macrophage that is larger than other cells with no granules

Question 47

what is an M1 macrophage?

Answer 47

partakes in destructive processes

Question 48

what is an M2 macrophage?

Answer 48

for repairing and pro-resolution

Question 49

what does a monocyte do?

Answer 49

supplies phagocytes to many tissue sites

Question 50

what are the 2 kinds of macrophages?

Answer 50

free migrating and fixed tissue macrophages

Question 51

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 51

circulating around and memorise antibodies so when re-infected, the reaction to the infection is much quicker

Question 52

what happens to a lymphocyte when immune response is triggered eg is exposed to mitogens in vitro?

Answer 52

it gets bigger and its cytoplasm gets bigger

Question 53

what is the name for the lymphocyte increasing in size in response to a trigger and what does it do?

Answer 53

lymphoblast and it proliferates

Question 54

when the white blood cells from 2 different people are mixed...

Answer 54

they recognise each other as foreign and fight against one another

Question 55

plasma cells (humoral response) are what type of cells?

Answer 55

B cells - antibody producing cells

Question 56

cytotoxic killer cells (cell-mediated response) are what type of cells?

Answer 56

T cells - kill cells in a very specific way

Question 57

white blood cells mixed by 2 individuals is called...

Answer 57

echo ***