CVS 2 Blood Vessels and Lymphatics

Question 1

what allows exchange of tissue fluid and molecules?

Answer 1

capillary beds

Question 2

what is the sequence of blood flow?

Answer 2

arteries, capillaries, veins, lymphatics (and lymph nodes)

Question 3

what 3 layers do larger blood vessels have?

Answer 3

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Question 4

what are 2 features of the tunica media?

Answer 4

elastic and muscular

Question 5

what is tunica adventitia?

Answer 5

supportive connective tissue and fascia

Question 6

what part of each tunica vary with vessel size and function?

Answer 6

the relative thickness or proportion of each tunica and their primary constituents

Question 7

what are examples of 2 large arteries?

Answer 7

aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 8

what kind of arteries are the aorta, pulmonary trunk?

Answer 8

elastic, conducting arteries

Question 9

what are 3 examples of medium arteries?

Answer 9

femoral, axillary, carotid

Question 10

what kind of arteries are the medium arteries and what do they do?

Answer 10

mainly muscular to control distribution and flow

Question 11

what is the structure of veins and what is their function?

Answer 11

thin-walled often with valves and return blood to the heart

Question 12

what vessels expand during systole?

Answer 12

the conducting vessels -aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 13

what helps drive the blood onward during diastole?

Answer 13

elastic recoil

Question 14

what is the tunica media like in muscular arteries?

Answer 14

a relatively thick layer of circular smooth muscle

Question 15

what do muscular arteries do?

Answer 15

they distribute blood to regions and organs as well as regulating blood flow by constriction or relaxation of their walls

Question 16

what happens if there is occlusion (blockage) of a principle artery to a region?

Answer 16

the smaller collateral, muscular arteries enlarge to carry needed blood to the ischemic area

Question 17

when injured what do muscular arteries do and why?

Answer 17

they contract to prevent haemorrhage

Question 18

give 3 examples of muscular arteries?

Answer 18

internal and external carotid (neck), axillary (upper limb), femoral (lower limb)

Question 19

proximally the arteries are…

Answer 19

elastic or mixed ie elastic becoming muscular

Question 20

distally the arteries are…

Answer 20

muscular but decreasing in thickness and calibre

Question 21

what is the function of arterial anastomosis?

Answer 21

ensures supple of blood to the hand and fingers in any position of the upper limb

Question 22

what are the two arterial arches in the hand?

Answer 22

deep palmer arch and superficial palmar arch

Question 23

where are the arterial arches derived from?

Answer 23

both the radial and ulnar arteries

Question 24

what is the structure of lower limb arteries?

Answer 24

muscular and distributing

Question 25

where does the femoral artery lie?

Answer 25

in the groin with its vein medially and the femoral nerve laterally

Question 26

what do larger arteries have alongside or fairly close to them?

Answer 26

separate veins

Question 27

give an example of smaller artery?

Answer 27

radial anterior tibial

Question 28

what do smaller arteries have around them?

Answer 28

venae comitantes

Question 29

what does the pulsation of the artery aid?

Answer 29

venous return to the heart

Question 30

what might plaque of atheroma forming within arteries lead to?

Answer 30

the formation or thrombus (blood clot) and vascular occlusion

Question 31

what happens to the structure when arteries branch and divide?

Answer 31

they become progressively thinner walled and with a narrower calibre with smooth muscle still being present in the media

Question 32

what is the structure of arterioles?

Answer 32

arteries less than 0.5mm in diameter

Question 33

what is the structure of metarterioles?

Answer 33

same in diameter as capillaries but with one layer of smooth muscle cells in their walls

Question 34

what is the structure of capillaries?

Answer 34

tube of endothelium only

Question 35

what is endothelium?

Answer 35

flat squamous epithelium

Question 36

what is a postcapillary venule?

Answer 36

the smallest venule

Question 37

what do capillaries do?

Answer 37

form a network between arterioles and venules

Question 38

what do arterioles do?

Answer 38

branch of an artery leading into capillaries

Question 39

what do arteries do?

Answer 39

transport blood (usually oxygenated) from the heart to all parts of the body

Question 40

what do veins do?

Answer 40

carries mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart

Question 41

what do venules do?

Answer 41

very small vein, especially one collecting blood from the capillaries

Question 42

what do metarterioles do?

Answer 42

a small peripheral blood vessel between the arterioles and the true capillaries that contain scattered groups of smooth muscle in their wall

Question 43

what happens at certain times for example when the skin may need to lose heat?

Answer 43

the organs almost shut down so that blood can be diverted to where demand is high

Question 44

which organs especially should always have their blood flow maintained?

Answer 44

brain, kidneys, lungs, heart

Question 45

capillaries are the sites of exchange of... (4)

Answer 45

CO2, O2, nutrients and hormones

Question 46

what do capillaries exchange things between?

Answer 46

blood and cells of body

Question 47

what are capillaries supported on?

Answer 47

the basal lamina

Question 48

what kind of muscle do capillaries have in their walls?

Answer 48

smooth

Question 49

the basal lamina of capillaries splits to enclose pericytes that may...

Answer 49

contract and constrict the capillaries

Question 50

what is a pericyte?

Answer 50

myoepithelial cells

Question 51

for veins and venules the media is...

Answer 51

thin and often incomplete with only a few smooth muscle fibres

Question 52

as the vessel becomes thicker, the amount of muscle in the media of veins and venules ...

Answer 52

increases and also develops a thick adventitia

Question 53

what can pass through the walls of venules?

Answer 53

leukocytes

Question 54

what are the valves of venules connected to and what are they covered in?

Answer 54

the intima and are covered by endothelium

Question 55

where are the lower limb arteries situated?

Answer 55

deeply within the muscle compartments

Question 56

what are the lower limb arteries accompanied by?

Answer 56

venae comitantes

Question 57

what do the venae comitantes converge to form?

Answer 57

the popliteal vein

Question 58

what does the popliteal vein continue as?

Answer 58

the femoral

Question 59

what does the femoral continue as?

Answer 59

the external to common iliac to inferior vena cava

Question 60

what is superficial in the lower limbs in terms of blood flow?

Answer 60

a system of veins

Question 61

give 2 veins that lie immediately under the skin?

Answer 61

great (long) saphenous vein and small (short) saphenous vein

Question 62

venous flow is from...

Answer 62

superficial to deep

Question 63

what helps venous return to the heart against gravity?

Answer 63

muscle pump, arterial pulsation and negative intrathoracic pressure

Question 64

how can muscle help blood move against gravity in a lower limb?

Answer 64

the thick fascia surrounding muscle doesn't allow it to expand and so it moves inwards putting pressure on vein and forcing it up

Question 65

what is the most important vein in the upper limb?

Answer 65

median cubital vein

Question 66

what does the median cubital vein link?

Answer 66

the cephalic and basilic veins across the front of the elbow joint

Question 67

where is blood often taken and why must care be taken when doing so?

Answer 67

median cubital artery but care must be taken to avoid the brachial artery and median nerve posteriorly

Question 68

where does the superior vena cava drain blood from and where does it go? (3)

Answer 68

the head, neck and upper limbs to the right atrium

Question 69

what vein drains the thoracic wall to the superior vena cava?

Answer 69

azygous vein

Question 70

what drains into the inferior vena cava? (4)

Answer 70

the lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, abdominal wall

Question 71

what does the inferior vena cava enter and pass through?

Answer 71

enters the right atrium and passes through the diaphragm immediately before

Question 72

where does venous blood from the components of the GI tract and spleen go?

Answer 72

the hepatic portal vein through the liver before it joins to the inferior vena cava

Question 73

what is it called when the venous blood does not return directly to the heart?

Answer 73

(hepatic) portal circulation

Question 74

apart from the liver, what else has a portal circulation?

Answer 74

the pituitary gland

Question 75

why is the lymphatic system important?

Answer 75

it helps the veins remove the interstitial, tissue fluid, which is then called lymph

Question 76

what are the multitude of lymph capillaries?

Answer 76

thin-walled endothelial tubes

Question 77

superficial is related to...

Answer 77

veins

Question 78

deep is related to...

Answer 78

arteries

Question 79

what does drainage using the lymphatic system depend on?

Answer 79

adjacent muscle activity and valves to prevent backflow

Question 80

what is the tissue fluid or lymph filtered by?

Answer 80

lymph nodes

Question 81

what is formed at lymph nodes?

Answer 81

lymphocytes (protective cells in the body)

Question 82

where else are lymphocytes made? (4)

Answer 82

tonsils, thymus, spleen, intestinal wall

Question 83

where may tumours spread?

Answer 83

in the lymphatics

Question 84

where are inguinal nodes?

Answer 84

superficial, inferior to inguinal ligament and alongside the great saphenous vein in the groin

Question 85

where are deep inguinal nodes?

Answer 85

alongside femoral vein (groin)

Question 86

the superficial inguinal drain to the...

Answer 86

deep inguinal nodes

Question 87

what does the deep inguinal node drain? (5)

Answer 87

lower limb, buttock, external genitalia, lower back, abdominal wall below umbilicus

Question 88

where are the axillary nodes?

Answer 88

grouped in the axilla, related to the axillary vein and artery , lateral to, deep or medial to pectoralis minor

Question 89

what does the axillary node drain? (3)

Answer 89

upper limb, anterior and posterior thoracic walls, upper abdominal wall above umbilicus; breast

Question 90

where is the superficial cervical node? (4)

Answer 90

under jaw, over parotid, behind ear, occipital (lower back of skull)

Question 91

where is the deep cervical node?

Answer 91

alongside the internal jugular vein (jugulo-diagastric; jugulo-omohyoid)

Question 92

what do the cervical nodes drain? (2)

Answer 92

head and neck structures

Question 93

what do the inferior deep cervical nodes communicate with?

Answer 93

axillary and thoracic nodes (breast and lung)

Question 94

what is the largest lymph vessel?

Answer 94

thoracic duct

Question 95

lymph nodes situated alongside arteries of the thorax and abdomen are drained by...

Answer 95

lymph vessels that eventually return to the venous system

Question 96

the thoracic duct enters the junction of the...

Answer 96

left subclavian and internal jugular veins - the brachiocephalic vein