Connective Tisue, Muscle and Nerve in Lab

Question 1

what are the dark staining organelles in the cytoplasm of neurons?

Answer 1

nissl bodies - granules of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 2

1 Schwann cell is equal to…

Answer 2

1 internode

Question 3

what is an oligodendrocyte?

Answer 3

a few process cell concerned with the production of myelin in the CNS

Question 4

what is the first stage in the staining of a cell?

Answer 4

emerged the specimen in a fixative to immobilise cell components

Question 5

what happens after the cell components have been immobilised?

Answer 5

water is removed and replaced by paraffin wax

Question 6

after water is replaced by paraffin wax, what happens?

Answer 6

the wax hardens so slices can be made then the paraffin is generally removed before coloured dyes are applied

Question 7

what does haematoxylin stain? (6)

Answer 7

nuclei - basophilic substances, chromatin (DNA), nucleoli (RNA), cytoplasmic RNA, cartilage (glycosaminoglycans), accumulations of RER (RNA)

Question 8

what is haematoxylin?

Answer 8

a basic stain that binds to acidic (negative) cellular components - it also sticks to mucus (glycoproteins)

Question 9

what colour does haematoxylin stain cellular components?

Answer 9

blue/purple

Question 10

what does eosin stain? (4)

Answer 10

cytoplasm - acidophilic substances, cytoplasmic proteins (haemoglobin), filaments (actin in muscle), intercellular substances (collagen)

Question 11

what is eosin?

Answer 11

an acidic stain that binds to basic (positive) cellular components

Question 12

what colour does eosin stain cellular components?

Answer 12

red/pink

Question 13

what are the 2 terminals of a sensory neurone?

Answer 13

CNS and peripheral

Question 14

what does pseudo-unipolar mean?

Answer 14

apparently but not quite unipolar

Question 15

what do mixed nerve cells carry?

Answer 15

both sensory and motor axons

Question 16

what is epineurium?

Answer 16

course fibre forms a sheath that surrounds the entire nerve

Question 17

what is perineurium?

Answer 17

surrounds smaller bundles of nerve fibres (fascicles) within the nerve

Question 18

what is endoneurium?

Answer 18

very fine fibres associated with individual nerve axons

Question 19

what surrounds the actual axon?

Answer 19

myelin sheath

Question 20

what is skeletal muscle?

Answer 20

striated voluntary

Question 21

what is cardiac muscle?

Answer 21

striated involuntary

Question 22

what is visceral muscle?

Answer 22

smooth involuntary

Question 23

what muscle has a lot of nuclei located in the periphery?

Answer 23

skeletal

Question 24

where is the nucleus in cardiac muscle?

Answer 24

in the centre

Question 25

what muscle does not have as cytoplasm as the other?

Answer 25

cardiac

Question 26

what may be seen in some of the muscle fibres of the tongue?

Answer 26

branching

Question 27

in skeletal muscle how wide is the lumen?

Answer 27

wide enough to only take a single erythrocyte

Question 28

in what type of muscle does the nuclei occupy a major proportion of the width of the fibre?

Answer 28

smooth/visceral

Question 29

when are fibroblasts most active?

Answer 29

during growth and repair

Question 30

what are fibroblasts important in the formation of?

Answer 30

fibrous scar tissue and proliferating to form various tissue types at the site of damage

Question 31

macrophages can be found either...

Answer 31

motile or in static positions in tissues eg lungs, skin

Question 32

macrophages can ingest...

Answer 32

microorganisms and dead body cells

Question 33

what are mast cells derived from?

Answer 33

bone marrow

Question 34

what do mast cells control?

Answer 34

inflammatory response

Question 35

what is heparin?

Answer 35

a blood anti-coagulant

Question 36

what does histamine do?

Answer 36

causes contraction of smooth muscle and the dilation and increase in permeability of blood vessels

Question 37

what is the cytoplasm of mast cells filled with?

Answer 37

heparin and histamine

Question 38

under a microscope what has happened to the fat cells?

Answer 38

they did contain globules of fat, lipid rich material but it has been extracted during the preparation process

Question 39

in the fat cells where is the nucleus and cytoplasm?

Answer 39

nucleus - appears in the corner of a cross section and the cytoplasm appears as a thin peripheral band around the outside

Question 40

what is associated with fat cells?

Answer 40

a rich capillary bed

Question 41

what are plasma cells concerned with?

Answer 41

the production of proteins known as immunoglobulins

Question 42

what are immunoglobulins also known as?

Answer 42

antibodies that are produced in response to specific bacterial antigens

Question 43

what connective tissues are subject to invasion by bacteria? (2)

Answer 43

GI tract and respiratory tract

Question 44

what does the nucleus of a plasma cell look like?

Answer 44

a clock face due to coarse clumps of chromatin around the periphery

Question 45

what does loose connective tissue look like?

Answer 45

collagen fibres going in many directions

Question 46

where is loose connective tissue located?

Answer 46

close to the epithelium

Question 47

what is dense connective tissue?

Answer 47

there is more collagen and it is more organised

Question 48

where is dense collagen located?

Answer 48

deeper into the sample where there are less cells

Question 49

where are elastic fibres produced?

Answer 49

by fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels

Question 50

what are reticular fibres?

Answer 50

extremely thin fibrils

Question 51

in what organs do reticular fibres form an extensive network? (4)

Answer 51

liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Question 52

what is periodical acid Schiff used to test for?

Answer 52

carbohydrates

Question 53

how does periodical acid Schiff work?

Answer 53

stains glycoproteins that have sugar components which are oxidised to di-aldehydes that can be revealed with the Schiff reagent

Question 54

what colour does PAS go when it combines with the di-aldehydes of the carbohydrates?

Answer 54

magenta