Heart and Circulation

Question 1

what does the heart do?

Answer 1

acts as the pump that generates blood flow around the cardiovascular system

Question 2

what is the atrial system?

Answer 2

the conductance vessels that carry blood around the body

Question 3

what is microcirculation?

Answer 3

where transfer of nutrients, waste and water occur

Question 4

what is the venous system?

Answer 4

the capacity vessels that store and return blood to the heart

Question 5

what are the 2 systems and what sides of the heart are they carried out in?

Answer 5

systemic (to body) - left and pulmonary (to lungs) - right

Question 6

what valve separates the right atrium and ventricle?

Answer 6

the tricuspid valve

Question 7

what valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

Answer 7

pulmonary valve

Question 8

what valve separates the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 8

mitral valve

Question 9

what valve separates the left ventricle and aorta?

Answer 9

aortic valve

Question 10

what does the circulatory pathway require? (7)

Answer 10

heart, elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles, capillary beds, venules and veins, blood and blood pressure

Question 11

what do the elastic arteries do in the pathway?

Answer 11

act as a series of conducting pipes

Question 12

what do the muscular arteries and arterioles do in the pathway?

Answer 12

act as smaller distributing pipes with ‘controls’

Question 13

what do capillary beds do in the pathway?

Answer 13

heat exchange

Question 14

what do the venules and veins do in the pathway?

Answer 14

act as a system of return pipes that increase in diameter that go back to the heart

Question 15

what needs to be the correct volume in order to keep the pathway going?

Answer 15

blood

Question 16

what does the pathway need in order to keep working?

Answer 16

pressure

Question 17

where does the heart lie?

Answer 17

centrally in the chest, between the lungs and pleura, in the middle mediastinum

Question 18

what is the heart surrounded in?

Answer 18

the pericardial sac of fibrous tissue

Question 19

what is the pericardial sac lined in?

Answer 19

serous, slippery membrane secreting miniscule amounts of lubricating fluid

Question 20

what do the 4 chambers of the heart have to do?

Answer 20

contract in synchrony as a single unit to pump the blood

Question 21

what must the heart contain but still be able to do?

Answer 21

contain muscle but also transmit waves of conduction/contraction

Question 22

what must the heart be able to do in terms of beating?

Answer 22

beat continually but at variable rates

Question 23

what ensures blood flows in only 1 direction?

Answer 23

valves

Question 24

what ensures blood does not coagulate within the heart?

Answer 24

heart, vessels and capillaries are lined with endothelium to stop coagulation

Question 25

why must the heart lie in a lubricated potential space?

Answer 25

to allow expansion and contraction

Question 26

what is an auricle?

Answer 26

an ear-like flap that is an extension of the atria

Question 27

what chamber is not visible from the front?

Answer 27

the left atrium

Question 28

where is the base of the heart?

Answer 28

at the posterior side of the heart closest to the spine

Question 29

what is the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 29

sternocostal surface

Question 30

what is the inferior surface of the heart?

Answer 30

diaphragmatic surface

Question 31

what chambers make up the inferior and diaphragmatic surfaces?

Answer 31

mainly the left ventricle but also part of the right ventricle

Question 32

what chambers form the base of the heart lying posteriorly?

Answer 32

left atrium

Question 33

how does de-oxygenated blood return from the body?

Answer 33

via veins into the right atrium

Question 34

where does blood go when it has passed into the right atrium?

Answer 34

into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

Question 35

where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

Answer 35

the pulmonary trunk where it divides into left and right pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated

Question 36

where does oxygenated blood go?

Answer 36

into the left and right, superior and inferior pulmonary veins to the left atrium

Question 37

where does blood from the left atrium go?

Answer 37

through the mitral valve to the left ventricle

Question 38

where does blood from the left ventricle go?

Answer 38

into the aorta which sends blood around the body

Question 39

describe the pathway of normal blood flow starting with the right atrium... (15)

Answer 39

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae...

Question 40

where are the 3 passages in which blood can enter the right atrium?

Answer 40

superior and inferior vena cavae, coronary sinus

Question 41

where does blood exit the right atrium to get to the right ventricle?

Answer 41

tricuspid valve

Question 42

what is the embryonic foramen ovale?

Answer 42

an opening from the right to left atrium that allowed oxygenated blood coming from the mother to bypass the non-functioning foetal lungs

Question 43

what is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 43

the site at which the foramen ovale would have been in the foetus

Question 44

what kind of blood enters the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus?

Answer 44

de-oxygenated

Question 45

where are the 4 passages in which blood can enter the left atrium?

Answer 45

left and right, superior and inferior pulmonary veins

Question 46

what are 4 internal features of the left ventricle?

Answer 46

muscular ridges, aortic valve, mitral valve, papillary muscle

Question 47

why are there muscular ridges?

Answer 47

large muscle surface area for contraction

Question 48

what does the papillary muscle do?

Answer 48

sends tendinous cords to the edges of the valve cusps

Question 49

how are the tricuspid and mitral valves opened and closed?

Answer 49

by the pressure of blood

Question 50

what does LAB RAT stand for?

Answer 50

left atrium bicuspid, right atrium tricuspid

Question 51

what do the papillary muscles and tendinous cords prevent?

Answer 51

cusp eversion into the atrium during ventricular contraction

Question 52

why does the wall of each ventricle become smoother near its outflow?

Answer 52

to create laminar blood flow into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Question 53

what are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds heard during a stethoscope?

Answer 53

1st-contraction, 2nd-valves closing

Question 54

what kind of cusps do the pulmonary and aortic valves have?

Answer 54

semi-lunar 'watch pocket' cusps

Question 55

what is systole?

Answer 55

when the ventricles contract

Question 56

during systole, what happens when blood passes through the valve?

Answer 56

the cusps are forced against the vessel wall

Question 57

what is diastole?

Answer 57

when the ventricles relax

Question 58

during diastole, what happens to the cusps?

Answer 58

there is elastic recoil in the pulmonary trunk and aorta which forces blood between the cusps and vessel wall forcing the cusps to meet in the centre of each vessel

Question 59

where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?

Answer 59

the aortic sinuses just above the valve cusps

Question 60

what veins drain directly into the right atrium?

Answer 60

anterior cardiac veins

Question 61

where do the veins of the heart converge and where do they enter?

Answer 61

converge on the coronary sinus and enter into the right atrium

Question 62

what does the sino-atrial node do?

Answer 62

passes a wave of conduction (and contraction) through the atria to the atrio-ventricular node

Question 63

what is the bundle of his?

Answer 63

the only route by which conduction may pass from the atrio-ventricular node, continues into the left and right bundle branches that spread the conduction through each ventricle

Question 64

what does the system involving the SA, AV nodes and bundle of his ensure?

Answer 64

synchronous contraction, in the correct sequence, toward the outflow of each chamber

Question 65

where is blood oxygenated?

Answer 65

lungs

Question 66

where is blood volume regulated?

Answer 66

kidneys

Question 67

integration of the cardiovascular system... (4)

Answer 67

bulk flow of materials (gases, nutrients, hormones, waste), temperature regulation, homeostasis, host defence

Question 68

what is angina?

Answer 68

pain occurring when the blood supply to the muscles of the heart is restricted