Blood Groups and Immunity

Question 1

What can go wrong if a patient receives the wrong blood type?

Answer 1

The body views it as a foreign protein or antigen and will fight to kill it

Question 2

RBC antigens are what?

Answer 2

structures on the surface that react with antibodies in the plasma of other animals

Question 3

What are blood group antigens?

Answer 3

Specific red blood cell markers in an individual animal

Question 4

What are genetically determined?

Answer 4

Specific surface markers

Question 5

What can occur with blood transfusions?

Answer 5

Antigen-antibody reactions that result in clumping or lysis of RBCs due to antibodies forming against the RBC antigen in the transfused sample

Question 6

What are naturally occurring antibodies in cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs?

Answer 6

Alloantibodies

Question 7

What are alloantibodies against?

Answer 7

Red blood cells that are not their own type?

Question 8

What species do not have alloantibodies?

Answer 8

Dogs

Can give the wrong blood type once the first type

Question 9

Why is it important to crossmatch the blood type in breeding females?

Answer 9

Because Neonatal isoerythrolysis can occur in type A or AB kittens it the queen is type B

Question 10

If you are breeding a type A cat with a B queen what is it important you do?

Answer 10

Test blood types

A and AB kittens will have to be bottle fed if the queen is type B

Question 11

What do Blood banks provide?

Answer 11

Increased availability of blood components

Improved emergency & critical care

Question 12

What species has more than a dozen blood types?

Answer 12

DOgs

Question 13

What does DEA stand for

Answer 13

Dog erythrocyte antigen

Question 14

What are the two most clinically significant DEA groups

Answer 14

DEA 1 and DEA 7

Question 15

What dog blood type will give the greatest antigen response and cause more transfusion complications?

Answer 15

DEA 1.1

Question 16

Approximately what percentage of dogs are DEA 1.1 positive?

Answer 16

50%

Question 17

Do naturally occurring DEA 1.1 antibodies exist?

Answer 17

Not known to exist

Question 18

What happens in transfusions between DEA 1.1 positive and negative patients?

Answer 18

If a DEA 1.1 negative dog previously received a DEA 1.1 positive transfusion and receives another a severe reaction can occur

Question 19

Why does a severe transfusion reaction in a DEA 1.1 Negative dog that receives a second DEA 1.1 positive occur? mismatched again

Answer 19

Because mismatched DEA 1 elicits the greatest antigen response of all DEA types

Question 20

What are the common blood types in cats?

Answer 20

A
B
AB

Question 21

A blood

Answer 21

Found in the majority of cats in the U.S

Have weak anti-B antibodies

Question 22

B blood

Answer 22

Found in certain purebred breeds

Have strong anit-A antibodies

Question 23

AB blood

Answer 23

Few cats have this blood type

Question 24

What do cats have naturally?

Answer 24

Antibodies to the RBC antigen they lack

Question 25

What happens if you transfuse a type B cat with Type A blood

Answer 25

Serious reaction, even death

Question 26

What do purebred cats need

Answer 26

Both blood typing and crossmatching

Question 27

Why dose Neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in cats?

Answer 27

Because they have alloantibodies

Question 28

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Answer 28

Type A and type AB kitten have naturally occurring anti-A antibodies from type B queen The B blood will view the A and AB as foreign and it will kill the RBCs in the kitten

Question 29

How many blood types do cattle have?

Answer 29

11

Question 30

What is the ideal blood type to use in cattle?

Answer 30

Type J

Question 31

How many blood types occur in Sheep?

Answer 31

7

Question 32

Can neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in lambs?

Answer 32

Yes if given bovine colostrum because antibodies to sheep RBC are present in bovine colostrum

Question 33

How many blood types to sheep have?

Answer 33

5

Question 34

Can horses also get neonatal isoerythrolysis?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

How many blood types do horses have?

Answer 35

More than 30 in 8 major groups

Question 36

Why should crossmatching be done in hroses?

Answer 36

Transfusion reactions are commonly fatal

Question 37

How can you prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis in horses?

Answer 37

By crossmatching the mare serum to the foal RBC to detect antibodies

Question 38

Why do animals affected by neonatal isoerythrolysis turn yellow?

Answer 38

Because of the access hemolysis and the increase in billirubin

Question 39

For the Tube method of blood typing what are you looking for?

Answer 39

Look under the microscope for evidence of hemolysis or agglutination

Question 40

The Card Agglutination Test

Answer 40

``` Available for many speceis Rapid Accurate Uses whole blood (EDTA) Tests DEA 1 +/- or A, B, and AB ```

Question 41

Immunochromatographic Assay

Answer 41

Color change for antigen type rather than agglutination | Like ELISA with line visible or not visible depending on type

Question 42

Crossmatching

Answer 42

Mixes the donor sample with the recipient sample to make sure the two blood types are compatible

Question 43

What do major and minor crossmatches require?

Answer 43

Serum and whole blood samples

Question 44

Major crossmatch

Answer 44

Serum from recipient is added to RBCs from donor

Question 45

Minor crossmatch

Answer 45

Serum from donor is added to RBCs from recipient

Question 46

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 0

Answer 46

No evidence of agglutination or hemolysis

Question 47

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 1

Answer 47

Many small agglutinates & some free cells

Question 48

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 2

Answer 48

Large agglutinates & smaller clumps of cells

Question 49

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 3

Answer 49

Many large agglutinates

Question 50

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 4

Answer 50

Solid aggregate of cells