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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Serology or Immunology

A

The detection and measurement of antigens or antibodies

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2
Q

Antigen is defined as…

A

Any substance that is capable of generating a response from the immune system

AKA: Foreign protein

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3
Q

More specifically, an Antigen can be…

A

Specific sites on a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, stinger, insect saliva, incompatible red blood cell, allergens

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4
Q

What do immunology tests primarily measure?

A

Antibodies and Antigens

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5
Q

What are antigen and antibody complexes?

A

Invisible. We can’t see them under a microscope

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6
Q

What do many tests use to create a visible color change?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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7
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

A very specific type

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8
Q

What are these specific monoclonal antibody tests test for?

A

A specific foreign protein or antigen coming from an outside source or the host’s immune response to that foreign protein
Finds the exact disease we are looking for

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9
Q

What is flea dermatitis?

A

An antigenic reaction to the flea saliva

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10
Q

What are the two defense systems?

A

Innate/nonspecific immunity

Adaptive/specific/acquired immunity

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11
Q

What does Innate/nonspecific Immunity include?

A 
Physical (skin)
Chemical (nose, GI)
Commensal (good) bacteria
Inflammation
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
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12
Q

What is always there to protect you?

A

The Innate/nonspecific Immunity

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13
Q

What is the Adaptive/specific/acquired immunity branched into?

A

The Humoral and cell mediated

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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes and secreted into the body’s fluid or “humors”

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15
Q

What does the humoral immunity utilize?

A

B lymphocytes

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16
Q

What do the B lymphocytes do?

A

Convert to plasma cells, which creates the antibodies

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17
Q

What does the cell mediated branch utilize?

A

Helper T cells and Cytolytic T cells

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18
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Skin
Physical & biochemical components of the nasophaynx, gut, lungs, or GI tract
Population of commensal bacteria that compete with the invading pathogens

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19
Q

What is the inflammatory response of the innate immune system?

A

Chemicals released from infected site allow neutrophils to pass into tissue to phagocytize bacteria & kill pathogens

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20
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A 
Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function
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21
Q

Chemicals released from the infected site allow ______ to pass into tissues to _____ bacteria and kill _______

A

Neutrophils
Phagocytize
Pathogens

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22
Q

What are the cells of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

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23
Q

What do the monocytes do?

A

Follow the neutrophils

Ingest and destroy antigens

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24
Q

What are monocytes called when they migrate into tissues?

A

Macrophages

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25
Where are macrophages derived from?
Tissues
26
Where are macrophages located?
Liver, brain, connective tissue spleen, lung, bone marrow & lymph nodes
27
What do macrophages make up?
the mononuclear phagocytic system
28
What is the process called when a cell leaves the blood and enters the tissue?
Diapedesis
29
What are the non-phagocytic cells?
Natural killer cells Interferons Complement System
30
What are Natural Killer Cells
Type of lymphocyte
31
What is the job of Natural Killer Cells
To recognize & destroy host cells infected with microbes viruses, cancer cells Activate phagocytes by releasing interferon-y
32
Interferons
Cytokines (chemicals) that elicit cellular reactions
33
What do Interferons prevent?
Viral replication
34
What is a large group of proteins in the blood?
Complement system
35
What is the Complement Cascade?
Three pathways that catalyze a series of reactions that have numerous effects and end with Opsonization
36
Opsonization
The binding of complement to the antigen
37
What does Opsonization allow for?
The antigen and antibody complex to form
38
What happens if an antigen gets past the innate immune system?
The adaptive immune system is triggered to take over
39
Why is the specific immune system named so?
Because it creates memory cells
40
What do memory cells do?
Remember a specific antigen so it is able to fight it again
41
Adaptive Immune System
Responds specifically to foreign substances
42
What are examples of Extra cellular antigen or microbe?
Foreign red blood cells | Things that are on the surface of the cell itself
43
Examples of intracellular anitgens or microbes?
Viruses or something that has already been phagocytized
44
What do extracellular or surface microbs/antigens activate?
The Humoral or antibody-mediated immune system or B cells | B cells turn to plasma cells which create antibodies
45
What do the antibodies do?
They either kill the cell or show it to another cell or block it
46
What are antibodies?
Specific proteins made by the B lymphocytes or plasma cells. They are not cells
47
What do intracellular antigens/microbes activate?
Cell-mediated immunity or T-cells
48
What do helper T cells do?
Recognize a phagocytized antigen brought to it by an antigen presenting cell (APC) Help initiate the phagocytic cells
49
What are considered super Natural Killer Cells?
Cytolytic T-Lymphocytes
50
What do Cytolytic T- Cells do?
Kill an infected cell right there | Only activated with persistent antigens
51
What are more of a continuation from the Innate immune system?
Lymphocytes
52
What presents the antigen to the lymphocyte?
Macrophages
53
What develop in yolk sacs & then fetal liver & then move to bone marrow near birth?
Stem cells
54
What are lymphocytes destined to mature into?
Either B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes
55
Where are B-lymphocytes mature?
Bone Marrow | Humoral
56
What do B-lymphocytes do?
Produce immunoglobins
57
Where are T-lymphocytes mature?
The thymus | Cell-mediated
58
What is the maturation process of Lymphocytes?
Lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, and Lymphocyte
59
Where do mature lymphocytes leave
The bone marrow
60
Where do mature lymphocytes enter and what do they encounter there?
Spleen or lymph nodes | Antigens
61
What does each B cell develop?
A specific receptor molecule to a specific antigen
62
What happens each time the antigen enters the body?
The B cell reacts to it
63
What shape are Antibodies (immunoglobulins)?
Y-shaped
64
What are the different regions of the anitbodies (immunoglobulins)
2 variable regions and 1 constant region
65
What does the variable region do?
Binds to the antigen
66
What does the constant region do?
Recognized the unique function of different antibody classes
67
IgM Antibodies
Large | Produced first when the body sees a new foreign protein
68
What is the job of IgM antibodies?
To activate compliment
69
IgG Antibodies
The most abundant | Smaller than IgM
70
What is the job of IgG antibodies?
To neutralize microbes and toxins Mark antigens for phagocytosis Activate compliment Maternal antibodies via the colostrum
71
IgE Antibodies
``` Will be present for: Allergies Anaphylaxis Eosinophils Parasites ```
72
IgA Antibodies
Found in mucosal antibodies | Eyes, Nose, Mouth
73
IgD Antibodies
Helps with B lymphocyte surface antigen receptor | Not present in all species
74
Epitope
Shape of the puzzle piece or unique shape on the antigen
75
What is the part of the antigen the antibody needs to be specific for?
Epitope
76
What are the different kinds of antibodies?
Neutralization antibodies Coating antibodies Lysis antibodies Precipitation antibodies
77
Neutralization antibodies
Binds directly with an antigen
78
What happens to the antigen once it is bound to Neutralization antibodies?
It cannot infect cells
79
What do coating antibodies do?
Coat an antigen for phagocytosis
80
What do the coating antibodies do in the presence of parasites?
Coat the parasitic antigen for eosinophils to bind and destroy
81
What do lysis antibodies cause?
The cell to break open (lysis)
82
What do precipitation antibodies cause?
Cause the antigens to clump together | Happens with agglutination
83
What is immunologic tolerance?
The immune system is acting appropriately and not destroying their own cells Can discriminate between self and not self
84
What causes immunologic tolerance to not work properly
Autoimmune diseases
85
What is passive immunity?
A transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one animal to another animal
86
What are examples of passive immunity?
Maternal antibodies in colostrum | Received preformed antibodies by injection
87
How are preformed anitbodies received by injection?
Antibodies produced in a donor animal and given by injection or transfusion Antibodies are short lived but immediate
88
What does active immunity mean?
The body went through a process to make antibodies
89
How do animals develop make antibodies
Becoming resistant by either exposure to the disease and developing antibodies or by immunization
90
Are memory cells created in passive immunity?
No just active immunity
91
What side of the immune system do vaccines fall under?
The active side
92
What are the two most common types of vaccines?
Inactivated (killed) | Attenuated (Modified Live)
93
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Whole pathogens or subunits
94
What is an advantage of inactivated vaccines?
Unable to cause the disease | Rabies
95
What is a disadvantage of inactivated vaccines?
Antigen may be inadequate Require addition of adjuvants as booster Possible cause of hypersensitivity
96
Attenuated (Modified Live)
Pathogens alive but altered so as not to cause disease but still infect host cells to stimulate immunity
97
What is an advantage of attenuated live vaccine?
Stimulate immunity more naturally and efficaciously | Get more of an immune response
98
What is a disadvantage of the attenuated live vaccine?
Some types can cause the disease
99
Which vaccine requires repeated doses but are safer?
Inactivated (killed)
100
Which vaccine causes strong, long-lasting immunity but can still cause the disease?
Attenuated
101
What is an Ideal vaccine?
Safe, effective, with no undesirable side effects
102
What are important in preventative medicine?
Vaccines
103
What are Recombinant vaccines?
Produced through DNA technology Safe and effective Rare and expensive
104
What are the different types of vaccines?
Subunit Gene-deleted Vectored
105
Toxoid vaccines
Bacterial toxin is administered and the body produces antibodies
106
What is an example of a toxoid vaccine
Tetanus
107
What are we actually vaccinating against when administering a toxoid vaccine
A toxin the bacteria produces
108
Anti-toxin/Antisera
Antibodies are administered post exposure | Short lived
109
What must be stored, mixed, and administered properly and a recommended schedule be followed?
Vaccines
110
What are complications that can occur with vaccines
Too young (maternal antibodies) Compromised Adjuvant may not perform adequately Antigenic drift (ex. Canine parvovirus)
111
Antigenic drift
The epitope has changed so some vaccines may be outdated
112
What are common adverse vaccine reactions?
Slight fever Lethargy Soreness Clients should be warned
113
What are severe (rare) adverse vaccine reactions?
``` Vomiting Salivation Incoordination urticaria Dyspnea ```
114
What is an example of an adverse vaccine reaction that cats get?
Fibrosarcoma
115
What is an example of an adverse vaccine reaction that dogs get?
IMHA | Thrombocytopenia

Lab techniques 2 (38 decks)

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