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Blood groups and transfusion Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What structures exist on the surface of red cells to determine group

A

Sugar residues

Proteins

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2
Q

What blood group system do sugar residues determien

A

ABO

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3
Q

What blood group system do proteins determine

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Define red cell antigens

A

Substances on surface of red cell that can stimulate formation of antibodies

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5
Q

Define antibodies in terms of blood groups

A

Immunoglobins in palsma which react specifically with their antigen (eg A antigen adn anti- A antibody)

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6
Q

Define autoantibodie

A

Antibodies that react with antigens on persons own red cells

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7
Q

Define alloantibodies

A

Produced by the person against antigens not present on persons own red cells

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8
Q

What type of antibodies are anti A and B?

A

Naturally occuring antibodies IgM

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9
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group A

A

Anti-B

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10
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group B

A

Anti-A

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11
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group O

A

Anti- B and Anti- A

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12
Q

What is contained in plasma of blood group AB

A

No ABO antibodies

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13
Q

What acclutinates group group A

A

Anti-A

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14
Q

What acclutinates group B

A

Anti-B

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15
Q

What acclutinates blood gropu AB

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

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16
Q

What agglutinates blood group O

A

Neither anti- A or anti- B

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17
Q

What is meant by ABO phenotype?

A

The antigens that can be detected (eg blood group a has A antigens)

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18
Q

Genetics of blood types A and B

A

They are co-dominant

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19
Q

What is the genotype of blood group A

A

AA or AO

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20
Q

What is the genotype of blood group B

A

BB or BO

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21
Q

What is the genotype of blood group AB

A

AB

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22
Q

What is the genotype of blood group O

A

OO

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23
Q

Distribution of blood types in caucasian people

Study These Flashcards
A

A: 45%
B: 8%
AB: 3%
0: 44%

24
Q

Distribution of blood types in asian people

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A

A: 24%
B: 38%
AB: 16%
O: 22%

25
What 3 antigens determine rhesus blood group
C or c D or no D (d) E or e
26
How are antigens in rhesus blood groups inherited
As a triplet
27
What type of antibodies are involved in rhesus blood groups
Immune antibodies- they will only be produced if exposed to antigen through transfusion, pregnancy or transplantation
28
What 2 genes are involved in rhesus group
RhD and RhCE
29
Is cde/cde genotype positive or negative
Negative
30
Is CDe/cdE positive or negative
Positive
31
Name 4 rhesus positive genotypes
CDe/ cDE CDe/cdE CcDE/ Cde CDE/ cde
32
Name a rhesus negative genotypes
Cde/cde
33
Are majority of people rhesus positive or negative
Positive
34
What is haemolytic disease of the new born
Severe disease leading to still birth or severe brain damage in the child
35
Most common cause of haemolytic disease of new born?
Anti- D antibody
36
What happens to a rhesus positive mother carrying her first rhesus negative child
The immune system is sensitised to D antigen
37
What happens to a rhesus positive mother carrying her second rhesys negative child
Anti-D is stimulated Crosses the placenta Destroys foetal red cell leading to Anti-D immunoglobulin prophylaxis within 72 hours of birth
38
How is haemolytic disease of the new born now prevented
All Rh negative mothers now get prophylatic anti-D pregnancy
39
6 reasons somebody may require blood transfusion
``` Anaemia Bone marrow failure Anaemia of prematurity Sickle cell Malaria Acute blood loss ```
40
5 dangers of blood transfusion
``` Infection transmission Danger of alloimmunisation (antibody production) that may compromise further transfusions Danger of incompatible transfusion Danger of iron overload Danger of circulatory overload ```
41
What blood groups can blood group O give to?
All blood groups
42
What blood groups can blood group A give to?
A or AB
43
What blood groups can blood group B give to?
B or AB
44
What blood groups can blood group AB give to?
just AB
45
What blood groups can Rh positive receive
Positive or negative
46
What blood groups can Rh negative receive
Usually just negative | Can only give positive to males requiring massive transfusion
47
What is lifespan of platelets when stored at room temp
5 days
48
Why is it advised to give platelets to same blood group?
In case residual red cells are present
49
What protocols must happen when taking blood from a patient?
- Confirm id - Label tube with full name, NOB, hospital record number - No sticky name labels - Sign both form and tube
50
What must be organised before a transfusion can be undergone?
- Blood grouping (both ABO and rhesus) | - Antibody screening
51
What must be monitoring during a transfusion
Pulse BP Temp
52
What is an indirect antiglobin test
- Used to screen for atypical antibodies in plasma - Plasma mixed with group O cells as this expresses all common blood group antigens - If antibody is present it will bind to antigen on detector red cell
53
What does a rapid temp spike of >40 degrees C suggest?
Intravascular haemolysis
54
Symptoms of intravascular haemolysis
``` Restless Flushing Anxiety Abdominal pain Pain at venepuncture site ```
55
Signs of intravascular haemolysis
Fever Hypotension Oozing from venepuncture site Haemoglobinuria
56
Treatment of acute transfusion reaction
STOP TRANSFUSION IV saline to control hypotension Frusemide to maintain renal perfusion Treat any resultant disseminated intravascular coagulation
57
Where should transfusion problems be reported to?
MRHA | SHOT

CR 2 (33 decks)

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