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Eric's Histology > Blood, Hematopoiesis, Respiratory > Flashcards

Blood, Hematopoiesis, Respiratory Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Discontinuous connective tissue

A

Cells born in one place and function elsewhere

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2
Q

3 Components of blood

A

Plasma, Erythrocytes, Buffy Coat

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3
Q

Hematocrit

A

Packed cell volume, measurement of Erythrocytes in relation to plasma

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4
Q

Serum

A

Fluid remaining outside of plasma clot

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5
Q

Wright stain: Red to Orange

A

Eosinophilic/Acidophilic

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6
Q

Wright stain: Dark Purple to Black

A

Basophilic

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7
Q

Wright stain: Pink/Tan/Clear

A

Neutrophilic

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8
Q

Wright stain: Blue/Gray

A

Polychromatophilic

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9
Q

Types of Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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10
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes: Polyhmorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs) Eosinophils Basophils Agranulocytes: Monocytes Lymphocytes

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11
Q

Red Cell life span

A

100-120 days

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12
Q

3 identifiers of erythrocytes

A

No nucleus or organelles Biconcave shape Central pallor

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13
Q

4 essential membrane proteins in RBCs

A

Spectrin - bind to actin, forms a dimer Ankyrin - anchors band3 to spectrin Band3 - anion transporter, facilitates exchange of HCO3- and Cl- across membrane Glycophorins - provide hydrophilic charged coat to prevent sticking

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14
Q

Spherocytosis

A

Loss of connection between cytoskeleton and lipid bilayer causes release of microvesicles reducing erythrocyte to sphere shape. Spherocyte phagocytized by macrophages in spleen.

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15
Q

How is lipid bilayer specialized in RBCs

A

High concentration of Phosphatidylserine on inner monolayer. When PS appears on outside, it signals that the cell is sick.

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16
Q

Sickle Cell anemia and Thalassemia

A

Mutations in genes coding for hemoglobin, alters cell shape, bad cells culled in spleen

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17
Q

Heredetary Spherocytosis

A

Genetic defect in ankrin and spectrin

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18
Q

Anemia

A

Low hemoglobin, reduction of # of RBCs, amount of Hb/RBC, poor O2 binding to Hb

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19
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in RBCs/ml, Produces thick blood, can be due to high altitude, CO poisoning, bone marrow disorders and tumors

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20
Q
A

Neutrophil

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21
Q

PMN response to inflammatory signals

A

PMNs roll along endothelial cells, binding loosely to selectin proteins. Inflammation increases # of selectins, causing PMNs to express Integrin surface proteins, which bind to Integrin receptors. PMNs leave vessels by Diapedesis, move towards infection by chemotaxis

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22
Q

PMN killing of microbes

A

Phagocytosis, fusion with PMN granules containing peroxidases, reactive oxygen species, lysozyme, defensins

Respiratory Burst

Leakage of killing factors causes inflammation

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23
Q

PMN life expectancy

A

Hours in the blood, days in the tissues

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24
Q
A

Eosinophil

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25
Major Basic Protein
Eosinophilic granules that kill larval parasites, associated with allergies. MBP can damage host tissues, cause asthma.
26
Basophil
27
What do basophil granules contain?
Granules contain histamine and heparin. Surfae bound IgE triggers allergic reactions Basophils are least common
28
Monocyte
29
What do Monocytes become
Macrophages, osteoclaasts, microglia, Kupffer cells. They are antigen presenting cells
30
Small Lymphocyte
31
What do small lymphocytes do?
T and B cells, involved in acquired immunity
32
Large Lymphocyte/Natural Killer Cell
33
Platelets
34
What do platelets do?
Maintain integrity of CV system, plug small holes, promote clotting reactions. Have organelles but no nucleus
35
Where and when does most hematopoiesis occur?
Most prenatally- initially in yolk sac, then liver and spleen, then bone marrow After birth, amount of hematopoiesis drops off slowly. After about 20 yrs, no hp in tibia After 25 years, no ph in femur Decreases over rest of life in vertebra, sternum and ribs
36
HSC
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
37
H-PSC
Hematopoietic Pluripotential Stem Cell
38
CFU-S
Colony Forming Unit - Spleen
39
GEMM
Common Myeloid progenitor. Gives rise to Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Monocytes, Megakaryocytes
40
Lymphoid Stem Cell
Common Lymphoid progenitor, gives rise to T and B lymphocytes
41
BFU - E
Burst Forming Unit- Erythrocyte
42
CFU-E
Colony Forming Unit - Erythrocyte
43
CSF
Colony Stimulating Factor, Cytokine
44
Cytokines
Diverse set of protein hormones, generally involved in immune system activities and hematopoiesis
45
46
Where are all blood cells produced, except T lymphocytes?
Bone marrow
47
Visible developmental changes in blood cells
Cells get smaller, nucleus gets smaller faster Nucleoli disappear, chromatin gets clumpy, heterochromatin increases, euchromatin decreases Non-specific Cytoplasm contents and RNA decrease, specific contents, like Hb or granules increase In general, basophilic staining decreases
48
Erythrocyte developmental series
BFU-E \> CFU-E + EPO \> Proerythroblast \> Basophilic erythroblast \> Polychromatophilic erythroblast \> Orthochromatophilic erythroblast \> Reticulocyte \> RBC
49
Proerythroblasts
Lacy Chromatin Nucleoli Basophilic cytoplasm
50
Basophilic Erythroblasts
Condensed Nucleus No visible nucleoli Most basophilic cytoplasm
51
Polychromatophilic erythroblasts
Cell volume reduced Regions of basophilia and eosinophilia
52
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
Cell and nuclear volume condense No basophilia Often eccentric (off center) nucleus Late in stage nucleus is ejected
53
Reticulocyte
Like RBC but still contains RNA and Ribosomes Methylene blue staining required to se reticulum
54
Proerythroblast
55
Basophilic Erythroblast
56
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast
57
Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast
58
Reticulocyte
59
Granulocyte Developmental Series
CFU-GM \> Myeloblast \> Promyelocyte \> Myelocyte \> Meta-Myelocyte \> Band Form \> Mature Form
60
Myeloblast
Finely dispersed Chromatin, faint nucleoli
61
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte: Basophilic cytoplasm, granules
62
Myelocyte
Increasing granules, smaller nucleus
63
Meta-myelocyte
Increasing granules, bean-shaped/dented nucleus
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Band Form
Nucleus not yet lobed, but bent/C-shaped
65
Mature Form
Segmented nucleus
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Myeloblast
67
Promyelocyte
68
Myelocyte
69
Metamyelocyte
70
Band Form
71
Mature Form - neutrophil
72
Megakaryocyte
73
Left Shift
Infection or bone marrow cancer will cause immature cells to appear in circulation
74
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Slows DNA synthesis, but not RNA and protein synthesis. Causes larger cells (Megaloblasts) with large nucleus Macrocytic anemia - PMNs become segmented
75
Hematopoietic marrow
Red = active Yellow = inactive/fatty
76
Cords
Hematopoeitic tissue in marrow situated between sinusoid vessels
77
Adventitial reticular cells
Form network to support cords. Become fatty in yellow marrow
78
Lamina Propria
Layer beneath basal lamina in nasal cavities, contains capillary loop system to warm air
79
Respiratory Epithelium
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium
80
Olfactory Epithelium
Covers superior turbinate and roof of nasal cavity, contains bipolar olfactory neurons. Basal cells are stem cells that replace olfactory neurons every 2-3 months. Lamina propria contains Bowman's glands that produce liquid that help in odor detection
81
Larynx
Contains epiglottis, trachea, vocal cords, etc. Lingual side has stratified squamous epithelium that ransitions to respiratory epithelium. Vestibular folds contain glands and lymph nodes Vocal cords covered in stratified squamous epithelium, contains large vocal muscle
82
Conducting zone
Trachea \> Primary Bronchus \> Secondary Bronchus \> Tertiary Bronchi \> Bronchioles \> Terminal Bronchiole
83
Transitional Zone
Terminal Bronchiole - Respiratory Bronchiole
84
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Bronchiole \> Alveolar Duct \> Alveolar Sac
85
Olfactory Epithelium
86
Respiratory Epithelium
87
Trachea Layers
Mucosa - Epithelial cells with Goblet (Mucous producing) cells and basal cells Lamina Propria - CT, contains Tracheal (Seromucous) Glands that humidify air and trap particles and C shaped cartilage Rings with Trachealis muscle Tunica Adventitia
88
Trachealis muscle
Closes C cartilage ring on posterior side adjacent to esophagus. Relaxes to allow swallowing
89
Trachea, C-shaped cartilage, Trachealis muscle
90
Bronchi - Surrounded by segmented cartilage
91
Terminal Bronchiole
92
Clara Cells
In Terminal Bronchioles, secrete surfactant, detoxify, secrete antimicrobial peptides and cytokines, have bronchiolar stem cell population
93
Why is asthma a problem?
Hypercontraction of bronchioles where there is no cartilage to hold open
94
Alveoli
95
Alveoli
Thin walled sacs, separated by interalveolar septum, connected by alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)
96
Type I Pneumocyte (alveolar cell)
% of cell surface, flat, thin cells, joined by tight junctions
97
Type II Pneumocyte (alveolar cell)
Large cuboidal cells, function as stem cells for type 1 and 2, produce surfactant
98
Dust Cell
Alveolar macrophage
99
Interalveolar Septum
Capillary \> Cytoplasm of endothelial cell \> fused basal lamina \> Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte \> Alveolus
100
Pores of Kohn
Alveolar pores in Interalveolar septum

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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