Pancreas and Liver

Question 1

Endocrine

Answer 1

Secretion into blood

Can be performed by both epithelial and non-epithelial cells

Question 2

Exocrine

Answer 2

Secretion onto a free surface, usually via a duct
Performed by epithelial cells
Can be merocrine, holocrine or apocrine

Question 3

Merocrine

Answer 3

Exocytosis of vesicles and membrane transport of salts and water
Sweat and Salivary Glands

Question 4

Holocrine

Answer 4

Entire cell ruptures

Sebaceous glands

Question 5

Apocrine

Answer 5

Apical portion of cell pinches off

Mammary Gland

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

Connective tissue that encloses larger glands

Septa separate glands into lobules

Question 7

Tubular glands

Answer 7

Short, long or coiled tubes of secretory cells

Can be simple, branched or compound

Question 8

Acinar/Alveolar glands

Answer 8

Rounded, sac-like glands

Can be simple, branched or compound

Question 9

Compound glands

Answer 9

Branching ducts with multiple tubular, acing or tubuloacinar secretory portions

Question 10

Zymogen

Answer 10

Proenzyme, inactive precursor. Stored in pancreas so pancreas isn’t damaged by active enzymes

Question 11

Pancreas

Answer 11

Mixed exocrine-endocrine gland, produces digestive enzymes and hormones

Question 12

Exocrine pancreas products

Answer 12

1.5L per day of products
Lipases
Protease zymogens - trypsinogen, chymotrypsin

Question 13

Enterokinase

Answer 13

Activates trypsinogen into trypsin.

Trypsin activates the other proteases

Question 14

Path of exocrine

Answer 14

Acing cells > Intercalated ducts > Intralobular duct > Interlobular ducts

Question 15

Secretin

Answer 15

Causes centroacinar cells to secrete HCO3-

Question 16

Intercalated ducts

Answer 16

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 17

Intralobular ducts

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal

Question 18

Interlobular ducts

Answer 18

Simple columnar

Question 19

Endocrine pancreas products

Answer 19

Islets of Langerhans
Alpha cells - Glucagon - 30% - raises blood sugar, glycogen breakdown
Beta cells - Insulin - 65% - lowers blood sugar
Gamma cells - Somatostatin - 4% - inhibits alpha and beta cells

Question 20

Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 20

Zymogens activated, causing autodigestion of pancreas, inflammation, lots of pain
Associated with gall stones and alcohol abuse

Question 21

Pancreatic carcinomas

Answer 21

3% of cancers, mostly in females, poor prognosis

Question 22

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 22

Disruption of insulin signaling by loss or malfunction of beta cells

Question 23

Liver endocrine secretion and synthesis

Answer 23

Albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, angiotensin, cholesterol, VLDL, LDL

Question 24

Liver storage

Answer 24

Glucose - glycogen
Lipids - fat droplets
Fat soluble vitamins
Iron

Question 25

Oxidation and Reduction in Liver

Answer 25

Cytochrome P450

Question 26

Conduction reactions in Liver

Answer 26

Bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown converted to glucuronide

Question 27

Kupffer cells

Answer 27

Liver macrophages

Question 28

Liver exocrine activity

Answer 28

Bile salt excretion

Question 29

Hepatic lobules

Answer 29

Portal triad, sinusoid surrounded by hepatocytes, and terminal hepatic vein

Question 30

Liver blood supply

Answer 30

75% from portal triad | 25% from hepatic artery

Question 31

Hepatic Lobule Model

Answer 31

Basic structure-function | Endocrine function of hepatocytes as blood flows toward terminal hepatic vein

Question 32

Hepatic Acinus Model

Answer 32

Emphasizes different O2 and nutrient content along sinusoid

Question 33

Zone 1

Answer 33

``` Freshest blood closest to portal Biggest mitochondria Most active in glucuronidation Most active in endocytosis, most lysosomes Highest regenerative activity ```

Question 34

Zone 3

Answer 34

Highest cytochrome P450, oxidation and reduction | Fat deposited here

Question 35

Hepatocyte

Answer 35

Large cuboidal, lots of mitochondria, often have double nuclei

Question 36

Sinusoids

Answer 36

Thin fenestrated endothelium, contain Kupffer cells

Question 37

Space of Disse

Answer 37

Plasma filled perisinusoidal space between sinusoids and hepatocyte microvilli Contains Stellate Cells

Question 38

Stellate Cells

Answer 38

Store fat and fat soluble vitamins Store 80-90% of body's retinoids (Vitamin A) Can transform into myofibroblasts to synthesize collagen in response to damage - cause of cirrhosis

Question 39

Hepatic Portal Model

Answer 39

Emphasizes exocrine function | Flow of bile from lobules toward bile duct in the center

Question 40

Flow of bile

Answer 40

Hepatocytes > Bile canaliculi > Canals of Hering > Bile duct > Left and right hepatic ducts > Common hepatic duct > Cystic Duct > Gallbladder > Cystic duct > Common bile duct > Hepatopancreatic ampulla > Duodenum

Question 41

Cholangiocytes

Answer 41

Cuboidal/Columnar cells that line Canals of Hering and bile duct

Question 42

Gallbladder

Answer 42

Epithelium has basolateral Na/K-ATPase pump for sodium and water recovery/bile concentration

Question 43

Enterohepatic recirculation

Answer 43

Recycling of bile | Drugs and toxins released from liver though bile can be recycled too

Question 44

CCK

Answer 44

Stimulates bile flow by inducing contraction of gallbadder smooth muscle

Question 45

Cholestasis

Answer 45

Blockage of bile flow

Question 46

Jaundice

Answer 46

Yellow discoloration of skin and eye sclera from bile leaking into the blood

Question 47

Cholecystitis

Answer 47

Inflammation of gallbladder, causes upper right epigastic pain

Question 48

Hepatitis

Answer 48

Inflammation of liver

Question 49

Fibrosis

Answer 49

Excess collagen deposition in the liver

Question 50

Cirrhosis

Answer 50

Extensive fibrosis in the liver Leads to portal hypertension Causes confused thinking and other mental changes - hepatic encephalopathy