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Eric's Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of cartilage

A
  1. Support soft tissue
  2. Shock absorber
  3. Low friction surface
  4. Model of skeleton
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2
Q

Three types of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
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3
Q

How is cartilage different from CT proper?

A 
Avascular
One cell type present - chondrocyte
Type II cartilage present
Aggrican found in hyaline ECM
Chondronectin found in ECM
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4
Q

From what cells are cartilage cells derived?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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5
Q

What is a Type I collagen molecule made of?

A

Helix of 3 alpha chains

Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine - Made by prolyl hydroxylases and lysyl hydroxylases

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6
Q

Why is vitamin C important?

A

Essential for proline hyhdroxylation

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7
Q

Why are hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine important?

A

Required for assembly of collagen fibrils and fibers

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8
Q

What does the ground substance do?

A

Contains proteoglycan aggregates, water and ions, giving matrix high tensile strength and resiliency

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9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A 
Permanent:
- Walls of respiratory passages
- Larynx, nose
- Articular surfaces of bones (movable joints)
- Ventral ends of ribs
Transient:
- Model of skeleton
- Epiphyseal growth plate
Most widely distributed of types of cartilage
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10
Q

How is hyaline cartilage composed?

A

Type II collagen doesn’t form large fibers
Matrix is hydrated
Glassy look
Smooth strong surface

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11
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made of?

A 
Proteoglycan aggregates - including aggrecan
Bound water
Type II collagen fibrils
Chondronectin - attaches cells to ECM
Chondrocytes
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12
Q

Perichondrium

A

Sheath of dense connective tissue Type I collagen fibers that surrounds permanent hyaline cartilage, except articular cartilage
Source of chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts
Supplies nutrients, removes wastes

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13
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities that surround chondrocytes

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14
Q

Territorial matrix

A

Matrix rich in GAGs that surrounds chondrocytes

Stains darker

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15
Q

Interterritorial matrix

A

Lighter staining matrix that is between lacuna and chondrocytes

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16
Q

Isogenous groups/aggregates/nests

A

Groups of 4-8 chondrocytes that originate from divisions of a single chondrocytes
Reside in a single lacuna

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17
Q

How does cartilage grow?

A

Appositional growth - division of chondrocytes in the perichondrium
Interstitial growth - division of chondrocytes existing in the cartilage

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18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

No perichondrium
Does not repair quickly
Nutrients gained from synovial fluid in joint capsule

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19
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

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A

Auricle of ear, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis, larnx

20
Q

How is elastic cartilage different?

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A

More cells and matrix than hyaline cartilage
Large aggregates of elastic fibers
Fewer isogenous groups than hyaline cartilage

21
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

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A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

22
Q

How is fibrocartilage different?

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A

Very little ground substance, mostly fibers
Lots of Type I and Type II cartilage
No Perichondrium
Merges with adjacent tissues

23
Q

What’s different about intervertebral disks?

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A

Nucleosis pulposis is liquid form of fibrocartilage, more proteoglycans and water than annulus fibrosis

24
Q

Functions of bone

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A
  1. Levers for movement
  2. Support and protection
  3. Hematopoiesis in marrow
  4. Store and regulate serum levels of Ca and P
25
Organization of adult bone
Outer walls: compact (cortical) bone | Interior: Trabecular (spongy, cancellous) bone and merrow
26
Periosteum
Dense connective tissue that covers outer surfaces of bone | Attached to bone via Sharpey's fibers (type I collagen)
27
Endosteum
Covers interior surfaces
28
Osteoprogenitor cells
Stem cells found in periosteum and endosteum | Proliferate and produce osteoblasts
29
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells Secrete osteoid (ECM) Mineralize the matrix Non-mitotic
30
Osteocytes
Derived from osteoblasts Principal cell in adult bone (95% of cells in bone) Reside in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of adult bone
31
Caniculi
Canals formed around osteocyte processes that allow communication and nutrients to pass from cell to cell
32
Osteoclast
Multinucleated cells derived from Macrophages from bone marrow Resorb bone Form a space called Howship's lacunae Activity regulated by PTH and calcitonin
33
What is bone made of?
Organic components - type I collagen, GAGs and proteoglycans | Inorganic components - hydroxyapatite (Ca and P) and trace minerals
34
Intramembranous Bone Formation
Osteoblasts begin to make bone within loose connective tissue Forms flat bones of skull and mandible Also responsible for initiate of bone formation in diaphysis and growth in diameter of long bones
35
Endochondral Bone Formation
Osteoblasts begin to make bone within cartilage matrix Forms growth in length of long bones Secondary center of ossification develops in epiphysis
36
In what order is bone made?
1. Primary/Woven Bone - temporary random collagen fiber orientation 2. Secondary/Lamellar Bone - parallel layered collagen fibers, continuously remodeled - --- Compact/Cortical bone - --- Spongy/Cancellous/Trabecular Bone
37
Osteons/Haversian systems
Compact bone Lamellae of bone surrounding Haversian canals which contain nerves, blood vessels lymphatics Haversian canals joined by Volkmann's canals Osteons joined together by cement lines
38
Zones of epiphyseal growth plate
``` Resting cartilage Proliferation Maturation/Hypertrophy Calcification Ossification ```
39
Which hormone triggers bone growth?
Growth hormone
40
Bone remodeling
Constant process Osteoclasts degrade old osteons Osteoblasts generate new osteons About 10% of total bone is replaced yearly
41
Fracture repair process
1. Blood clot 2. Soft callus - loose CT and hyaline cartilage, intramembranous and endochondral bone formation 3. Hard callus - primary woven bone 4. Repaired, remodeled bone - secondary, lamellar bone
42
What is the overriding factor of bone mass regulation?
Calcium mobilization
43
Osteoporosis
Osteoclast activity outpaces Osteoblast activity
44
Osteopetrosis
Decreased bone resorption due to defective osteoclasts | Reduced marrow cavity and blood formation
45
Osteoarthritis
Joint disease with loss of articular cartilage | Hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete proteases and destroy matrix

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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