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Eric's Histology > Epithelium and Connective Tissue, Muscle and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Epithelium and Connective Tissue, Muscle and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Epithelium Functions

A

Protection, absorption, secretion

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2
Q

Epithelium basic characteristics

A

Polyhedral cells attached to thin ECM, line organs, form glands, avascular, undergo mitosis, generally show polarity (apical and basal pole)

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3
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Thin layer of extra cellular material between epithelium and connective tissue. Called basal lamina under electron microscopy

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4
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Also called thin or low, single cell layer, often has appearance of “fried egg”, usually lines capillaries and other tubes

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5
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Multiple layers of rounded cells, skin, oral cavity, etc. can be keratinized or not

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6
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of square cells, usually lines ducts and tubes

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7
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

Multiple layers of square cells

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8
Q

Simple columnar

A

Single layer of rectangular cells, often have apical cilia, usually line digestive tract

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9
Q

Stratified columnar

A

Multiple layers of rectangular cells

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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Rectangular cells of irregular shape, one layer, often ciliated, usually lines respiratory tract

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11
Q

Urothelium

A

Like stratified squamous with puffy appearance, binucleated, found only in urinary tract

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12
Q
A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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13
Q
A

Stratified Keratinized Squamous

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14
Q
A

Simple Cuboidal

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15
Q
A

Simple Columnar

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16
Q
A

Pseudostratified Columnar

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17
Q
A

Urothelium

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18
Q

Desmosome

A

“Spot welds”, encircle epithelial cell, made of cadherens bound to keratin filaments

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19
Q

Tight Junction/Zona Occludens

A

Form seals between adjacent cells, often found near apical side of cell

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20
Q

Adherens Junction/Zona Adherens

A

Anchor cells to neighbors like a belt, made of cadherens bound to catenin bound to cytoskeleton

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21
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow exchange of nutrients and signal molecules, formed by connexons made of connexin proteins

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22
Q
A

Left: Desmosome, Middle: Zona Adherens, Right: Tight Junction

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23
Q

Progenitor Cells

A

Stem cells, divide to form new epithelial cells, Ex.) Crypt intestinal stem cells

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24
Q

Transient Amplifying Cells

A

Divided stem cells that differentiate into different epithelial cells

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25
Metaplasia
Alteration of adult tissue that changes type or distribution
26
Dysplasia
Metaplasia associated with disease occurance, Ex.) Normal columnar epithelium in intestines changing to squamous dysplasia in intestinal cancer
27
Cancer Progression
Normal cells \> Dysplasia \> Carcinoma \> Malignant Carcinoma Malingancy = breaking through basal lamina
28
Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Sarcoma
Cancer of epithelial cells Cancer of glandular epithelia Cancer of non-epithelial cells
29
Connective Tissue
Includes extracellular matrix, resident cells, protein fibers and ground substance
30
Resident Cells
Permanent: Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Macrophages, Mast Cells Transient: Plasma cells, lymphocytes, Neutrophils, eosinophils
31
Fibroblasts
Secrete fibers and ground substance, growth factors, have abundant RER and Golgi Myofibroblasts - after damage, contract like smooth muscle to close wound
32
Adipocytes
Fat cells, store lipids and make hormone
33
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells, Antigen Presenting Cells
34
Mast Cells
Made in bone marrow, store histamine, heparin, etc. for inflammatory response
35
Plasma Cells
Produce Antibodies, have eccentric nucleus
36
Lymphocyte
T and B cells, darkly stained nucleus, immunity
37
Neutrophils and Eosinophils
Rarely seen in CT unless there's inflammation
38
Fibroblast
39
Adipocyte
40
Macrophage
41
Mast Cell
42
Plasma Cells and Lymphocytes Only way to tell difference is by looking at Nucleus
43
Neutrophils and Eosinophils Only way to tell difference is by looking for stained granules in eosinophils
44
Collagen
Most abundant protein in body Type 1 Collagen fibers - most numerous, form bundles to resist stretch, appear under microscope as rope-like fibers Type 3 Reticular Fibers - no bundles, allow stretch
45
Elastic Fibers
Elastin core surrounded by fibrillin, appear under microscope as wire-like fibers. Mutation in fibrillin gene causes Marfan syndrome
46
Ground Substance
Viscous fluid between cells and fibers that contains glycoconjugates (glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins)
47
GAGs and Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) form "bristles" and Proteoglycans form "stem" of bottlebrush like proteins, can be huge, resist compression and are highly hydrated
48
Glycoproteins
Structural and adhesive proteins that attach cells to ECM via integrin receptors, Ex.) fibronectin and lamanin
49
Collagen Type I - reddish "ropes" Elastic Fibers - bluish "wires"
50
Loose Connective Tissue
Most abundant type of connective tissue. More cells and ground substance, fewer fibers, immediately under epithelia Ex.) Lamina propria - found under skin and gut tissue
51
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
More fibers, few cells, little ground substance. Fibers arranged randomly. Deeper than loose CT, few nuclei
52
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Fibers arranged in same direction, found only in tendons and ligaments
53
Loose and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
54
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
55
Wound Healing
Inflammation \> Proliferation \> Maturation Inflammation: Neutrophils and mast cells appear Proliferation: Myofibroblasts appear, stem cells provide new epithelium Maturation: Tissue restored. If injury was deep, scar may form
56
Fibrosis
Tissue scar from persistent tissue damage/inflammation
57
Parenchyma
Essential/functional elements of the organ Ex.) Epithelial tissue of Kidney
58
Stroma
All other tissues of an organ, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves. Ex.) blood vessels, nerves and CT of kidney
59
Skeletal Muscle
Long, striated, multi-nucleated muscle fibers for strong, quick, discontinuous voluntary contraction. Nuclei peripheral
60
Cardiac Muscle
Short, branched, striated, single or binucleated fibers connected by intercalated disks (desmosomes, fascia adherens, gap junctions). Provide strong, quick continuous involuntary contraction
61
Smooth Muscle
Non-striated irregularly shaped fibers for weak, slow, involuntary contraction. Often have serpentine nuclei. Actin and myosin arranged in dense bodies and irregularly around cell
62
Skeletal Muscle
63
Cardiac Muscle
64
Smooth Muscle
65
Muscle Contraction in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
Troponin C binds to Ca2+ allowing Myosin heads to attach to Actin filaments. Release of ADP triggers power stroke, addition of ATP detaches myosin from actin, ATP hydrolysis "cocks" myosin head.
66
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Calmodulin binds to Ca2+ to allow myosin to attach to actin. The rest proceeds same as skeletal and cardiac
67
Sarcomere Know I band, A band, M line, H zone, Z disk, sarcomere Z disk made of alpha-actinin Adjacent myofibrils held in register by vimentin and desmin
68
Mesenchyme
Mesoderm \> Mesenchyme \> Myoblasts \> Muscle cells
69
Epimysium
Thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses entire muscle
70
Perimysium
Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that encloses a fascicle
71
Endomysium
Layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
72
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
73
Synapse Process
1. AP reaches axon terminal 2. Ca2+ channels open 3. Ca2+ causes release of neurotransmitter vesicles 4. Neurotransmitter crosses synapse 5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors 6. Trigger signal in post-synaptic neuron
74
Neuron
Cell body/perikaryon/soma - large amount of rough ER(nissl substance) and golgi, don't divide Dendrites - branched, receive incoming signals, have dendritic spines associated with memory Axons - long myelinated, transfer signals to subsequent neurons
75
Neuron
76
Astrocytes
"Star-shaped" glial cells in CNS Contain Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Contribute to blood-brain barrier Cause Glial scars Reuptake neurotransmitters
77
Microglia
Macrophages of CNS, survey environment and mediate immune response Contain GFAP
78
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate multiple CNS axons Do not contain GFAP
79
Schwann Cells
Also called Sattelite Cells Only in PNS Myelenate 1 axon each Act as phagocytes
80
Groups of Neurons and Axons
Neurons in CNS: Nuclei Neurons in PNS: Ganglia Axons in CNS: Tracts Axons in PNS: Nerves Layers of neurons in CNS: Cortex
81
Astrocytes
82
Schwann/Satellite Cells in a Ganglion
83
Epineurium
Dense connective tissue around entire nerve
84
Perineurium
Dense irregular connective tissue around each fascicle
85
Endoneurium
Dense irregular connective tissue around each axon
86
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium
87
Gray Matter
Neurons, dendrites and their synapses Found on the outside of the brain and the inside of the spinal cord
88
Neuropil
Region densely filled with dendrites and axons making synaptic contacts
89
White Matter
Axons, no neuronal cell bodies On inside of brain and outside of spinal cord
90
Spinal Cord Gray matter on inside, White matter on outside
91
Ependymal Cells
Line ventricles and central canal, simple cuboidal/columnar layer that expresses GFAP, secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
92
Choroid Plexus
Folded lining of ventricles, produces bulk of CSF
93
Choroid Plexus lined with Ependymal cells
94
Blood-Brain Barrier
Formed by astrocytes and other epithelial cells surrounding capillaries in the brain
95
Pyramidal Neurons
In brain, large, triangular neurons
96
Purkinje Neurons
Located in the Cerebellum, have large dendritic arbors
97
Enteric Ganglion
Nerve ganglion located below the glandular layer of the gut
98
Pyramidal neurons
99
Purkinje Neuron
100
Muscle structure/layers
Myofibril \< Myofiber (muscle cell) \< Fascicle \< Muscle

Eric's Histology (6 decks)

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