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Bmsc 207 > Blood I > Flashcards

Blood I Flashcards

1
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction (heart attack) to occur

A

If clot blocks blood flow to hear muscle

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2
Q

What happens during myocardial infarction

A
  • lack of O2 leads to ATP supplying declining, cells become unable to remove Ca
  • high intracellular Ca closes gap junctions, electrically isolating them
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3
Q

Atherosclerosis in brain vasculature account for how many strokes

A

50%

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4
Q

How much does hypertension increase the risk of CVD

A

Doubles risk for each 20/10 mmHg increase in BP above baseline of 115/75

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5
Q

How many hypertensive patients have essential hypertension with no cause beside genetics

A

90%

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6
Q

What do patients with essential (primary) hypertension have

A

Normal cardiac output but elevated peripheral resistance
- possible lack of nitric oxide

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7
Q

How many cases of hypertension are secondary to an underlying condition

A

5-10%

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8
Q

Effects of hypertension

A
  1. Baroreceptors adapt to higher pressure with down regulation of their activity
  2. Risk factor for atherosclerosis, pressure damages endothelial cell lining and promotes plaque formation
  3. Increases afterload
  4. Cause contractile cells to hypertrophy
  5. Eventually cannot meet workload and fails
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9
Q

Treatments of hypertension

A
  1. Ca2+ channel blockers (L-type)
  2. Diuretics
  3. Beta blockers
  4. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
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10
Q

Ca channel blockers

A

Relax vascular smooth muscle and/or decrease CO

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11
Q

Diuretics

A

Increase urination removing excess fluid to decrease blood volume

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12
Q

Beta blockers

A

Block B1 adrenergic receptors decreasing CO

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13
Q

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers

A

Prevent vasoconstriction

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14
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Connective tissue composed of cellular elements suspended in extensive fluid matrix

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15
Q

How much blood in normal weight human

A

5L

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16
Q

How much of blood is plasma (liquid component)

A

3L

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17
Q

Plasma components

A

Water 92%
Proteins 7%
Gases, trace elements, ions 1%

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18
Q

What is difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

Plasma proteins

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19
Q

4 plasma proteins

A
  1. Albumins (60%)
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
  4. Transferrin
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20
Q

Where are all plasma proteins from

A

Liver

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21
Q

Function of albumins

A

Contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers

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22
Q

Function of globulins

A

Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers

23
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

24
Q

Function of transferrin

A

Iron transport

25
Q

What is other 2L of blood

A

Cellular elements
RBCs, WBCs, platelets

26
Q

What is majority of cellular elements

A

Erythrocytes

27
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

28
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes) include

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes (macrophages)
Neutrophilis
Eosinophils
Basophils

29
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

30
Q

What is the total blood volume of adult female and male

A

~7-8% of total bw
70mL/1kg in female
80mL/1kg in male

31
Q

How much of blood is hematocrit and what does it comprise

A

40–45%
RBC’s

32
Q

What is Buffy coat and how much

A

1%<
WBC’s and platelets

33
Q

What is plasma and how much

A

55-60%
White solution of electrolytes, plasma proteins, carbs and lipids

34
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells

35
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen in adult

A

Bone marrow of pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium and proximal ends of long bones

36
Q

What does hematopoiesis create

A

75% WBC’s (short lifespan)
25% RBC’s (4 months)

37
Q

What does hematopoiesis begin with

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell and the lineage is guided by cytokines

38
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins or peptides released form one cell that affect growth or activity in another cell

39
Q

Cytokines involved in hematopoiesis

A

Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Colony-stimulating factors

40
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC production (EPO)

41
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Leukocytes (WBC) production (CSF’s)

42
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Thrombocyte (platelet) production (TPO)

43
Q

Which cytokines have been developed for use in cancer patients

A

EPO and CSF’s

44
Q

What are RBC’s

A

Non-nucleated biconcave cells with diameter of ~7.5um

45
Q

What does distinctive shape of RBC’s do

A

Increases surface to volume ratio, decreases diffusion distance

46
Q

3 major tasks of RBC’s

A
  1. Carrying O2 from lungs to systemic tissue
  2. Carrying CO2 from tissues to lungs
    3.Assisting in buffering acids and bases
47
Q

What does flexible shape of RBC allow

A
  • squeeze through capillaries
  • respond to osmotic changes
  • provide evidence of disease
48
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

O2 transport protein

49
Q

What do RBC’s mainly consist of

A

Hemoglobin

50
Q

What is hemoglobin composed of

A

4 protein globin chains
Globin proteins: alpha, beta, gamma, or delta
Most common is two alpha two beta chains, each contain heme group

51
Q

What is each heme group composed of

A

A porphyrin ring with iron atom in center
- each heme group can bind on 02

52
Q

How much of iron in body is found in heme groups

A

70%

53
Q

What requires iron

A

Hemoglobin synthesis

Bmsc 207 (35 decks)

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