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Bmsc 207 > Neurvous System VIII > Flashcards

Neurvous System VIII Flashcards

1
Q

Where and what is reticular formation?

A

Extends throughout brainstem
- small clusters of nuclei interspersed among tracts (ascending + descending)

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2
Q

Roles of reticular formation?

A
  • consciousness, arousal, attention and alertness
  • inactivated during sleep, damage can induce coma
  • projects/filters sensory info to cortex
  • minor: regulated muscle tone, assists in HR, BP, Resp rate.
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3
Q

What is cerebellum?

A

Second largest brain structure
Two cerebellar hemispheres
1/2 neurons in brain

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4
Q

Role of cerebellum?

A
  • processes sensory info related to movement
  • coordinated execution of movement (no errors and smooth)
  • regulate posture and balance (vestibular)
  • sends feedback signals to motor areas of cerebral cortex, via connections to thalamus and pons (aids in the proper movement)
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5
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A
  • between brain stem and cerebrum
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6
Q

What are two primary neural structures of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are the two endocrine hormone secreting structures of diencephalon?

A

Pineal gland and pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)

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8
Q

What is main role of the thalamus?

A

Relay center
- receives sensory info from optic tract, ears, spinal cord and motor info from cerebellum and projects info to cerebrum for processing

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9
Q

What is role of pineal gland?

A

Cyclically releases melatonin involved in circadian rhythm and sleep/wake

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10
Q

What is main role of hypothalamus

A

Center for homeostasis
- influences autonomic and endocrine function

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11
Q

Homeostasis functions of hypothalamus?

A
  1. Maintain blood glucose concentrations
  2. Body temperature
  3. Controls body osmolarity
  4. Controls reproductive functioning
  5. Control food intake (full or hungry)
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12
Q

What is the pituitary?

A

Main hormonal output of hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is posterior and anterior pituitary made up of?

A

Posterior= neural tissue (extension of brain tissue)
Anterior= endocrine tissue (epithelial cells)

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14
Q

What is role of posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?

A

Extension of brain that secretes neurohormones made in hypothalamus

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15
Q

What is main role of anterior pituitary?

A

Complicated neuronal network involved in hormone secretion
- control growth, metabolism, and reproduction

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16
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest and most distinctive part of brain
- area of high processing, “seat of intelligence”

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17
Q

What does gray matter of cerebrum include

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system (unmyelinated

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18
Q

What is white matter of cerebrum?

A

Tracts
Ascending: sensory
Descending: motor tracts connecting regions of cerebrum to pass info

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19
Q

What are 2 hemispheres of cerebrum divided into?

A

4 lobes, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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20
Q

What connects two hemispheres of cerebrum?

A

Corpus callous
- massive # of tracts run between

21
Q

What are three nuclei of basal ganglia (nuclei)?

A

Globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus

22
Q

What are role of basal ganglia (nuclei)?

A

Major job: regulating initiation and termination of movement
Receives input from cerebral cortex and provides output to motor portions of cortex

23
Q

What are 3 major components of the limbic system?

A

Cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus

24
Q

What is role of hippocampus

A

Involved in learning and memory

25
Q

What is role of limbic system

A

“Emotional brain”
Role in range of emotions, including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger
Also role in learning and memory

26
Q

What is cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of cerebrum
Integrating center of CNS

27
Q

What are the indentations and outfoldings of cerebral cortex

A

Sulci and gyri

28
Q

What are 3 functional specializations of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Sensory areas (translate sensory input into perception)
  2. Motor areas (direct movement)
  3. Association areas (integrate info from sensory and motor area, help direct voluntary behaviours)
29
Q

What are areas of frontal lobe

A

Primary motor cortex and pre motor cortex
Skeletal muscle movement

30
Q

What are areas of parietal lobe

A

Primary somatic sensory cortex and sensory association area

31
Q

What are areas of occipital lobe

A

Visual association area and visual cortex

32
Q

What are areas of temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex and auditory association area

33
Q

What is the gustatory cortex for

A

Taste

34
Q

Wha is the olfactory cortex for

A

Smell

35
Q

What is cerebral lateralization (dominance)?

A
  • distribution of functional areas in two hemispheres is not symmetrical
  • left hand will be right hemisphere dominant and vice versa
36
Q

What is in left hemisphere?

A

Speech, language, writing, comprehension, analysis, calculations

37
Q

What is in right hemisphere?

A

Creativity, spatial ability, imagination

38
Q

What are conscious special senses?

A

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

39
Q

What are conscious somatic senses (in skin + muscles)?

A

Touch, temperature, pain, itch, proprioception

40
Q

What are subconscious somatic stimuli?

A

Muscle length and tension, proprioception

41
Q

What are subconscious visceral stimuli?

A
  • BP, distension of gastrointestinal tract, blood glucose, body temp, osmolarity of body fluids, lung inflation, etc.
42
Q

What are sensory systems?

A

Sensory neuron with transducer (receptor), that converts a physical stimulus into an intracellular signal (change in membrane potential)
- through opening or closing gated channels

43
Q

What are simple receptors

A

One peripheral axon that ends in free nerve endings
- pain/itch/temperature

44
Q

What are complex neural receptors

A

Nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules
Touch/proprioception

45
Q

What are special senses receptors

A

Release neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons initiating AP
Special senses (except olfactory)
- non-neurons cell

46
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

Gated channel or metabotropic receptors responsible for converting some physical stimulus to cellular response

47
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

Chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors

48
Q

What is physical stimuli transduced into

A

Receptor potentials (graded potentials) and if reach threshold induce action potentials

Bmsc 207 (35 decks)

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