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Bmsc 207 > CV III > Flashcards

CV III Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conducting system of the heart

A

SA node - internodal pathways - AV node - AV bundle - left and right bundle branches - purkunje fibers

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2
Q

What is the bundle of His

A

AV bundle

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3
Q

What part of the conducting system passes into the ventricles

A

AV bundle/bundle of His

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4
Q

What are the 4 special conducting bundles

A

Backman’s bundle
Anterior, middle, posterior internodal pathways

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5
Q

What does the backman’s bundle do

A

Conducts APs front the SA pacemaker into the LA causing contraction

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6
Q

What do the anterior, middle, and posterior internodal pathways do

A

Conduct AP from SA node to AV node, depolarizing right atrial muscle along way

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7
Q

What is speed of atrial conduction

A

Relatively Slow
80-100ms

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8
Q

What prevents conduction directly from atria to ventricle

A

Layer of connective tissue

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9
Q

Why does conduction slow through AV node

A

Allows blood from atria to empty into ventricles, allows atrial contraction to pump little more blood in

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10
Q

What way does depolarization spread through heart

A

Through septum to apex then up the walls of ventricles from apex to base

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11
Q

What is speed of ventricular contraction

A

More rapid
60–100ms

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12
Q

How are ventricular muscles arranged and what does it ensure

A

Spiral arrangement
Ensures blood is squeezed upward from apex of heart

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13
Q

What is ventricular muscle attached to

A

Insertion and origin on AV ring
Start and come around to attach to AV ring on other side

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14
Q

What happens if electrical activity cannot be transferred from atria to ventricles (damage to AV bundle)

A

Complete conduction block
SA node continues as pacemaker for atria
Purkinje fibers must take over as pacemaker for ventricles but much slower
Requires artificial pacemaker

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15
Q

What does electrocardiography (ECG, EKG) measure

A

Records summed electrical activity generated by all cells of the heart

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16
Q

How is electrocardiogram work

A

Salt solutions lie NaCl based ECF are good conductors of electricity

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17
Q

What is Einthoven’s triangle

A

Triangle created around heart
Electrodes pairs attached to both arms and one leg

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18
Q

What are leads

A

Pairs of electrodes

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19
Q

How is ECG recorded using triangle

A

One electrode acts as positive and one negative

20
Q

How many leads in modern ECG

A

12

21
Q

Electrical activity of heart moving towards positive electrode

A

Upward deflection is recorded

22
Q

Electrical activity moving away from positive electrode

A

Recorded as downward deflection

23
Q

A vector moving perpendicular to axis of electrodes

A

Causes no deflection

24
Q

What are ECGs a combination of

A

Waves and segments

25
Q

Waves

A

Appear as deflections above or below the baseline
Waves of depolarization or repolarizations

26
Q

Segments

A

Sections of baseline between two waves

27
Q

Intervals

A

Combination of waves and segments

28
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

29
Q

P-R or P-Q segment

A

Conduction through AV node and AV bundle
Atria contract

30
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

31
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization (K+ leaving)

32
Q

What is hidden by ventricular depolarization

A

Atrial repolarization

33
Q

What is QT interval

A

Time it takes for heart to depolarize and repolarize

34
Q

What is the order of electrical events

A

P wave, P-R or P-Q segment, Q wave, R wave, S wave, S-T segment, T wave

35
Q

What is S-T segment

A

Ventricles contract

36
Q

What is heart rate

A

P wave to P wave or R-R
Tachycardia more than 70 r waves
Bradycardia less than 70 r waves

37
Q

What do ECGs provide info on

A

HR and rhythm, conduction velocity, condition of tissues

38
Q

How do arrhythmias appear on ECGs

A

Elongated segments or intervals, altered, missing or additional waves

39
Q

Premature ventricular contractions

A

Purkinge fibres randomly kick in as pacemaker
Due to low O2, excessive Ca, hypokalemia, medications, exercise, adrenaline
Skipped beat or palpitation

40
Q

Long QT syndrome

A

Delayed repolarization of ventricles
Palpitaitons, fainting, sudden death due to repeated ventricular contractions

41
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One complete contraction and relaxation

42
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle (ventricles)

A

Diastole and systole

43
Q

Diastole

A

Time during which cardiac muscle relaxes

44
Q

Systole

A

Time during which cardiac muscle contracts

45
Q

5 phases of a single cardiac cycle

A
  1. Heart at rest (atrial and ventricular diastole, late diastole)
  2. Completion of ventricular filling (atrial systole)
  3. Early ventricular filling (isovolumetric ventricular contraction)
  4. Heart pumps (ventricular ejection)
  5. Ventricular relaxation (isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, early diastole)

Bmsc 207 (35 decks)

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