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Anatomy > Blood Test > Flashcards

Blood Test Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

The function of blood

A 
transport gases nutrients wastes
transport of processed molecules
transport of regulatory molecules
regulation of ph and osmosis
maintain body temperature
protection against foreign substances
clot formation
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3
Q

Processed molecules

A

substances made in one part of body and transported to another part of body
ex vitamin d lactic acid

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4
Q

ph of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

Components of blood

A

leukocytes
erythrocytes
thrombocytes

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6
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells
fight off infection and removes dead cells and debris
4,000 to 11,000 per mm3
have nuclei
move in and out of blood vessels via diapedesis (amoeboid movement)
respond to chemicals released in body
granulocytes and agranulocytes

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7
Q

erythrocytes

A 
red blood cells 
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide from lungs to cells 
enucleate at maturity
contain few organelles
contain hemoglobin
lack mitochondria 
make atp by anaerobic fermentation
biconcave disk
1000 RBC to 1 WBC
add thickness to blood
1 cell=250 million hemoglobin molecules
5 million cells per cubic mm
contains 12 to 18g hemoglobin per 100ml
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8
Q

thrombocytes

A 
platelets
fragments of large multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
300,000 per mm3
produced in red bone marrow 
clotting of blood
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9
Q

percentage plasma vs formed elements

A

55 percent plasma 45 percent formed elements

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10
Q

Plasma

A

90 percent water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, hormones, wastes, gases
distributes body heat through body

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11
Q

Plasma proteins

A

(made by liver)
albumin
fibrinogen
globulins

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12
Q

If proteins are too low

A

liver produces more

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13
Q

If blood is to acid or too basic

A

acidosis
alkalosis
kidneys and lungs help bring the ph back to normal

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14
Q

anemia

A

decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
caused by low number of RBCs
RBC don’t have enough hemoglobin in them

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15
Q

5 types of anemia

A 
hemorrhagic due to blood loss
hemolytic bacteria lyse RBCS
pernicious anemia lack of B12
aplastic anemia bone marrow destruction
iron deficiency low iron in diet
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16
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic defect
abnormal hemoglobin made (must have 2 copies)
mostly in people of african descent
RBC becomes sickle shaped when low oxygen
dam up blood vessels
pain jaundice tired inability to fight infection
blood test diagnosis
folic acid helps produce RBC pain meds
can live full life some deaths immune to malaria if heterozygous

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17
Q

Granulocytes

A

have granules in cytoplasm
neutrophils most common alive for 10 to 12 hours phagocytes found in pus
eosinophils reduce chemicals to decrease infection rid body of parasitic worms regulates inflammatory response

18
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lack granules
lymphocytes smallest white blood cells produce antibodies
made in bone marrow
B lymphocytes oversee immunity of bodies humors mature in bone marrow
T lymphocytes arise from cells that migrate to thymus for maturity regulated by thymosin hormone circulate through body go after pathogens infected cells
monocytes largest white blood cell become macrophages phagocytize bacteria dead cells

19
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

blood cell formation
happens in red bone marrow
stay in bone marrow until mature then go to rest of body
hemocytoblast stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cells
erythropoietin (the hormone that controls the amount of rbc formation)
lymphoid stem cells becomes lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells all other cells
red blood cells live for 120 days
gotten rid of by phagocytes in spleen liver and other tissue
synthesize hemoglobin
young RBC reticulocyte still contains ER takes 5 days to mature from hemocytoblast
white blood cells and platelets is stimulated by hormones
stimulates bone marrow to produce leukocytes
exposure to bacterial toxins stimulates macrophage and lymphocytes to release CSF and interleukins

20
Q

Hemostasis

A

blood clotting process results from break in blood vessel
platelet plug formation collagen fibers are exposed making platelets sticky anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets to make platelet plug
vascular spasms platelets release serotonin causes blood vessels to spasm narrows blood vessel deceases blood loss before clotting
coagulation thromboplastin released by injured tissue
phospholipid coats platelets and reacts with clotting factors and cause clotting cascade
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma thrombin
thrombin joins with fibrinogen to make long hairlike fibrins that form mesh network that traps other platelets and RBCs to form clot hardens to scab serum is plasma minus clotting proteins clear fluid that seeps forms wound 3-6 minutes to clot once cascading starts

21
Q

albumin

A

plasma protein that helps osmotic pressure of blood to keep blood in bloodstream

22
Q

layers in centrifuged sample

A

top to bottom
plasma
formed elements
rbc wbc platelets

23
Q

polycythemia

A

increase in number of RBC due to bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera) high altitudes (secondary polycythemia)
increase blood viscosity
makes circulation harder especially if clogged arteries

24
Q

Problem with Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby

A

blood gets intermixed and the mother makes antibodies against rh + and the next pregnancy is fighting the second baby

25
Q

How long does it take blood to clot

A

3-6 minutes

26
Q

A type

A

Antibody is Anit B
A antigen
Can give to A , AB
Can receive O, A

27
Q

B type

A

Antibody is Anti A
B antigen
Can give to B, AB
Can receive B, O

28
Q

AB type

A 
No antibodies
A dn B antigen
Can give to AB
Can receive A, B, AB, O
Universal receiver
29
Q

O type

A 
Antibodies are Anti A and Anti B
No antigens
Can give to A, B, AB, O 
Can receive O
Universal Donor
30
Q

agglutination

A

clumping when antibodies recognize and attach to RBC antigen

31
Q

Blood Typing

A

determine if you can give or receive

32
Q

Cross matching

A

determined if donor blood is acceptable

33
Q

Hemolytic disease of newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)

A

baby is anemic hypoxic brain damage if left untreated

transfusing baby at birth

34
Q

Thrombus

A

clot that develops and stays in unbroken blood vessel
can cause heart attack if in heart vessels
embolus when free floating in blood stream
no problem unless in small vessel and can’t get through
cerebral embolus is a stroke
anything that causes roughening of blood vessels can cause clotting
severe burns physical blows cholesterol build up blood pooling
treatment anticoagulants aspirin heparin coumadin

35
Q

Hemophilia

A 
bleeders disease 
lack of certain clotting factors
factor VIII is 75 percent most common
sex linked trait
use transfusions or injections of clotting factor
36
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

insufficient number of platelets in blood
normal movements causes bleeding from blood vessels
petechiae is purplish blotches
caused by bone marrow cancer radiation drugs

37
Q

Mononucleosis

A 
Epstein Barr virus
sore throat fever tires enlarged spleen
spread in saliva mucus
blood test questions
goes away on own
38
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of the blood cells
body produces abnormal cells
acute leukemia blood cells remain immature
chronic leukemia some blasts present progresses more slowly
symptoms fever chills frequent infection swollen lymph nodes easy bruising bleeding gums
medical history blood test bone marrow biopsy lumbar puncture
radiation therapy chemotherapy bone marrow transplant

39
Q

anticoagulants

A

blood thinners

40
Q

fibrinogen

A

clotting protein

41
Q

globulins

A

antibodies for defense and lipid transport

Anatomy (15 decks)

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