Blood Test Flashcards
(41 cards)
What type of tissue is blood
connective tissue
The function of blood
transport gases nutrients wastes transport of processed molecules transport of regulatory molecules regulation of ph and osmosis maintain body temperature protection against foreign substances clot formation
Processed molecules
substances made in one part of body and transported to another part of body
ex vitamin d lactic acid
ph of blood
7.35-7.45
Components of blood
leukocytes
erythrocytes
thrombocytes
leukocytes
white blood cells
fight off infection and removes dead cells and debris
4,000 to 11,000 per mm3
have nuclei
move in and out of blood vessels via diapedesis (amoeboid movement)
respond to chemicals released in body
granulocytes and agranulocytes
erythrocytes
red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide from lungs to cells enucleate at maturity contain few organelles contain hemoglobin lack mitochondria make atp by anaerobic fermentation biconcave disk 1000 RBC to 1 WBC add thickness to blood 1 cell=250 million hemoglobin molecules 5 million cells per cubic mm contains 12 to 18g hemoglobin per 100ml
thrombocytes
platelets fragments of large multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) 300,000 per mm3 produced in red bone marrow clotting of blood
percentage plasma vs formed elements
55 percent plasma 45 percent formed elements
Plasma
90 percent water, salts, plasma proteins, nutrients, hormones, wastes, gases
distributes body heat through body
Plasma proteins
(made by liver)
albumin
fibrinogen
globulins
If proteins are too low
liver produces more
If blood is to acid or too basic
acidosis
alkalosis
kidneys and lungs help bring the ph back to normal
anemia
decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
caused by low number of RBCs
RBC don’t have enough hemoglobin in them
5 types of anemia
hemorrhagic due to blood loss hemolytic bacteria lyse RBCS pernicious anemia lack of B12 aplastic anemia bone marrow destruction iron deficiency low iron in diet
sickle cell anemia
genetic defect
abnormal hemoglobin made (must have 2 copies)
mostly in people of african descent
RBC becomes sickle shaped when low oxygen
dam up blood vessels
pain jaundice tired inability to fight infection
blood test diagnosis
folic acid helps produce RBC pain meds
can live full life some deaths immune to malaria if heterozygous
Granulocytes
have granules in cytoplasm
neutrophils most common alive for 10 to 12 hours phagocytes found in pus
eosinophils reduce chemicals to decrease infection rid body of parasitic worms regulates inflammatory response
Agranulocytes
lack granules
lymphocytes smallest white blood cells produce antibodies
made in bone marrow
B lymphocytes oversee immunity of bodies humors mature in bone marrow
T lymphocytes arise from cells that migrate to thymus for maturity regulated by thymosin hormone circulate through body go after pathogens infected cells
monocytes largest white blood cell become macrophages phagocytize bacteria dead cells
Hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
happens in red bone marrow
stay in bone marrow until mature then go to rest of body
hemocytoblast stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cells
erythropoietin (the hormone that controls the amount of rbc formation)
lymphoid stem cells becomes lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells all other cells
red blood cells live for 120 days
gotten rid of by phagocytes in spleen liver and other tissue
synthesize hemoglobin
young RBC reticulocyte still contains ER takes 5 days to mature from hemocytoblast
white blood cells and platelets is stimulated by hormones
stimulates bone marrow to produce leukocytes
exposure to bacterial toxins stimulates macrophage and lymphocytes to release CSF and interleukins
Hemostasis
blood clotting process results from break in blood vessel
platelet plug formation collagen fibers are exposed making platelets sticky anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets to make platelet plug
vascular spasms platelets release serotonin causes blood vessels to spasm narrows blood vessel deceases blood loss before clotting
coagulation thromboplastin released by injured tissue
phospholipid coats platelets and reacts with clotting factors and cause clotting cascade
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma thrombin
thrombin joins with fibrinogen to make long hairlike fibrins that form mesh network that traps other platelets and RBCs to form clot hardens to scab serum is plasma minus clotting proteins clear fluid that seeps forms wound 3-6 minutes to clot once cascading starts
albumin
plasma protein that helps osmotic pressure of blood to keep blood in bloodstream
layers in centrifuged sample
top to bottom
plasma
formed elements
rbc wbc platelets
polycythemia
increase in number of RBC due to bone marrow cancer (polycythemia vera) high altitudes (secondary polycythemia)
increase blood viscosity
makes circulation harder especially if clogged arteries
Problem with Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby
blood gets intermixed and the mother makes antibodies against rh + and the next pregnancy is fighting the second baby
