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blood vessels Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

blood vessels

A

closed delivery system that begins and ends at the heart

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2
Q

types of blood vessles

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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3
Q

3 layers forming the wall of a BV

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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4
Q

tunica intima

A

in imediate contact with blood in the lumen
simple squamous epi continous and lining the entire cardiovascular system
continuation from hearts lining
supported by a basement membrane in larger vessels
internal elastic CT lamina for stretch/recoil

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5
Q

tunica media

A

middle and bulkiest layer
smooth muscle with sheets of elastin
small ctrl by NS for vasoconstrict/dilate
bears the cheif responsibility for maintaining BP and continuous Blood circulation

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6
Q

tunica externa

A

tunica adventitia
outermost layer with elastin in large arteries
has loosely woven collagen to protect/reinforce/anchor the vessel to surrounding structures

vasa vasorum in larger vessels
a syst of tiny vessels (vessels of the vessels)
to nourish the more external tissues of the BV wall

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7
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of BV resulting from the contraction of their tunica media to reduce blood flow and increase blood pressure

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8
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of the BV from the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in vessel walls
increases blood flow and decreases blood pressure

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9
Q

types of arteries

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

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10
Q

elastic arteries

A

help propel blood even when ventricles are relaxed
accomodate a surge of blood and function as a pressure reservoir

elastic fibers recoil pushing blood forward
located very close to the heart

aorta- 2nd pump of blood

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11
Q

muscular arteries

A

distributing arteries that take blood to various parts of the body, located further from the heart (most of the named arteries)

more smooth musc than elastic fibers in tunica media
vasoconstrict/dilate to adjust rate of BF
has an elastic lamina on the face of the tunica media
internal diameter ranges .3mm-1cm (little finger to pencil lead)

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12
Q

arterioles

A

smallest of arteries
larger ones have all 3 layers
more smooth muscle; few elastic fibers in TM
close to the capillaries- have endothelial cells on smooth muscle

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13
Q

terminal arterioles

A

metarteriole- last one before capillary bed, emerges from an arteriole
vasoconstriction/dilation

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14
Q

capillary bed

A

exchange vessels
slow blood flow because total cross sectional area is the largest to give nutrients time to diffuse

has 1 cell layer of endothelial cells with a basement membrane

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15
Q

metarteriole has a precapillary sphincter

A

controls blood flow into capillary bed

endothelial cells can release chemicals such as nitrous oxide to cause vasodilation

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16
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

intermediate bt capillary/venule

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17
Q

capillaries

A

have endothelial cells with spider shaped pericytes scattered along the outside (smooth muscle like cells that stabilze the capillary wall)
have some traits of a stem cell that decrease chances of epithelial cells from dying

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18
Q

continuous capillaries

A

plasma membrane of endothelial cells forming a continuous tube with tight junctions interrupted by intercellular clefts (gaps bt neighboring cells)
cells usually have pinocytoticvessicles to ferry fluids accross the wall

examples: skeletal, smooth, lungs, gi, skin, brain

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19
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

window
has small pores in plasma membrane and are covered by a delicate membrane, (more permeable)
has basement membrane and pericytes

examples: kidneys, endocrine glands, villi of SI

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20
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

discontinuous
very wide lumen with spaces between endothelial cells and lacking a complete basement membrane
thin cell layer
large intercellular clefts and fenestrations-blood flows very slowly through these bc endothelium is not continuous

kupffer cells- large macrophages that form part of the lining
remove and destroy contained bacteria

examples: liver, spleen, parathyroid glands, red bone marrow

easy access

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21
Q

veins

A

have all 3 layers
larger lumen with thinner walls than artery
thinner tunica interna- just endothelium w basement membrane

valves-modified endothel layer to point towards heart like SL valves catch blood (most in limbs)

tunica media is almost gone few smooth muscle and elastin fibers

tunica externa is thickest
longitudinal bundles of collage fibers and elastic network

largest veins have longitidinal bands of smooth muscle

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22
Q

varicose veins

A

when valves in veins break down or are incomplete

caused by failure to properly close and standing alot

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23
Q

venules

A

formed by the merging of capillaries
consist of only endothelium tunica intima

post capillary venules are smallest and extremely porous so WBC can cross tissue lines

larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells

tunica externa is closer to veins

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24
Q

2 mechanisms veins use to pump blood to the heart

A

skeletal muscular

respiratory

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25
skeletal muscular pump
skel musc contracting and relaxing near the veins milks blood towards the heart and it cant go backwards
26
respiratory pump
movement of diaphragm changes pressure in ventral body cavity inhale- abdominal pressure rises and squeezes veins forcing blood to the heart exhale-chest pressure decreases and expands the thoracic veins which speeds blood to the right atrium
27
blood flow
the amount of blood flowing through a vessel/organ/entire circulation in a given period of time
28
blood pressure
the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood
29
resistance
the opposition to blood flow a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels (peripheral resistance) blood flow is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure bt 2 points in circulation inversely proportional to peripheral resistance
30
arterial blood pressure reflects 2 factors
how much the elastic arteries close to the heart are stretched (their compliance/distensibility) the volume of blood forced into them at any time related to the amount of fluid coming out of the capillaries
31
factors that influence blood pressure | vasodilation
blood flow increase to the area but blood pressure decreases | release heat and bathe the area like in a fracture
32
factors that influence blood pressure | vasoconstriction
blood flow decrease to the area and blood pressure increases | fight/flight
33
factors that influence blood pressure | systolic pressure
working ventricles contract expel blood into aorta average 120mmHg
34
factors that influence blood pressure | diastolic pressure
resting ventricles relax aortic valve closes, blood inside avg 70-80mmHg
35
korotkoff sounds
sounds you hear when taking blood pressure | sphygmomanometer
36
BP regulation | cardiovascular center
medulla oblongata receives input from both higher brain regions and sensory receptors blood pressure control by altering cardiac output and BV diameter norepinephrine-vasoconstricts ACH vasodilates
37
BP regulation | Nervous system
short term | baro/chemoreceptors found in aorta and carotid arteries to alter blood distribution and maintain BV diameter
38
baroreceptors
pressure sensitive high BP triggers heart rate to go down, vasodilate low BP triggers heart rate to increase, vasoconstrict standing from seated position heart rate increases and vasoconstriction reflex
39
chemoreceptors
monitor chemical comp o2 content, ph drops sharply, or Co2 rises transmits impulses to the CV center increases cardiac output and causes vasoconstriction
40
hormone regulation of BP
short term | lower blood volume=lower BP
41
ADH
produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland causes vasoconstriction to inrease blood pressure increases blood volume by increasing reabsorption of water in the kidneys
42
RAA- Renin
released by the kidneys renin acts as an enzyme to generate angiotensin II which stimulates intense vasoconstriction promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure also stimulates the release of aldosterone and ADH to increase reabsorption of water and increase blood volume
43
epinephrine and norepinephrine
released by the adrenal gland vasoconstriction of skin and abdominal vessels nicotine stimulates neurons to release large amount of both
44
higher blood volume + higher blood pressure what must you decrease
``` ANP atrial natriuretic peptide hormone produced by the atria of the heart causes vasodilation decreases blood volume by loss of salt and water antagonist to aldosterone ```
45
autoregulation of blood pressure
local changes regulate vasomotion (blood flow to capillaries) caused by exercise
46
pulse
pressure wave felt by the alternating expansion and recoil of arteries during each cardiac cycle ranges from 70-80 in an average adult
47
tachycardia
rapid resting rate of the heart | over 100 BPM
48
bradycardia
slow resting rate | under 60 BPM
49
diffusion
most important method of capillary exchange o2, co2, glucose, amino acids, hormones goes down the conc gradient--> IF--> cell
50
all plasma solutes pass easily across capillary walls except plasma proteins
alblumin (not in IF, stays in the blood), fibrinogen, antibodies exceptions 1. liver-has sinusoids for alblumin/fibrinogen to diffuse into capillaries 2. brain- allows few substances to enter or leave, not fenestrated, but tight junctions
51
diffusion by transcytosis
insulin, antibodies, large lipid molc become enclosed in pinocytic vessicles and enter the endothelial cell by endocytosis exit by exocytosis
52
bulk flow
fluid is forced out of the capillaries through the clefts at the arterial end of the bed but most of it returns to the blood stream at the venous end a large number of ions, molc, and particles in a fluid move together in the same direction from high to low pressure
53
the direction and amount of fluid that flows across a capillary walls reflects the balance between two dynamic and opposing forces
hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure
54
hydrostatic pressure
force exerted by a fluid pressing against a heart wall (heart pressure) beginning of a capillary bed RELATED TO BP pressure driven mvmt of fluid and solutes from blood to IF
55
osmotic pressure
force opposing hydrostatic pressure, is created by the presence in a fluid of large non diffusibible molc (plasma proteins) mainly alblumin DOES NOT CHANGE systemic or osmotic pressure= 25 end of a capillary bed reabsorption pressure driven from IF to blood
56
net filtration pressure
to determine whether their is a net gain or net loss of fluid from the blood, we have to calculate the net filtration pressure NFP= Hydrostatic pressure-Osmotic pressure
57
the extra fluid is
picked up by the lymphatic system and returns it to the circulatory
58
hypotension
low blood pressure
59
hypertension
high blood pressure
60
atherosclerosis
the hardening of the arteries resulting from plaque build up by accumulation of fats and cholesterol

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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