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Anatomy&Physiology 2 > fluid, electrolyte, acid-base > Flashcards

fluid, electrolyte, acid-base Flashcards

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1
Q

water content of infants

A

low body fat
low bone mass
73% or more water

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2
Q

total water content__________ throughout life

A

declines

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3
Q

healthy males and healthy females content of water

A

males 60%

females about 50%

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4
Q

females have lower water content because

A

higher body fat

smaller amount of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

old age_______% of body weight is water

A

45%

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6
Q

sources of water gain

A

2.3 L from ingestion (main source)
.7 L from ingested foods
.2 L from metabolism- aerobic cellular resp/dehydration synthesis

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7
Q

sources of water loss

A

1.5 L from urine
.6 L from perspiration
.3 L from lungs as vapor
. 1 L from the GI as feces

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8
Q

regulation of water intake:

stimulation of the hypothalamic thirst center

A
  1. increases in plasma osmolality (most important)
  2. decline in plasma volume of 10-15%
  3. baroreceptor input and angiotensin II (due to low bp from decreased water in the blood)
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9
Q

when is thirst quenched

A

as soon as we begin to drink water

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10
Q

feedback signals that inhibit the thirst centers

A
  1. moistening of mucosa in mouth and throat

2. activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors

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11
Q

water reabsorption in collecting ducts is proportional to

A

ADH release

triggered or inhibited by hypothlamic osmoreceptors

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12
Q

low ADH levels produce

A

dilute urine and reduced volume of body fluids

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13
Q

high ADH levels produce

A

concentrated urine

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14
Q

factors that specifically trigger ADH release are

A

prolonged fever, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, severe blood loss, and traumatic burns

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15
Q

disorders of water balance: dehydration

A

when water loss exceeds water intake and the body is in negative fluid balance

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16
Q

causes of dehydration

A

hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, and diuretic abuse

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17
Q

signs and symptoms of dehydration

A

cotton mouth, thirst, dry flushed skin, oliguria
if prolonged it can lead to weight loss, fever and mental confusion
loss of electrolytes

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18
Q

water occupies two main fluid compartments

A

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
each fluid compartment has a distinct pattern of electrolytes

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19
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF) amount and location

A

about 2/3 by volume

contained in the cells

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20
Q 
extracellular fluid (ECF)
locations
A

plasma- the fluid portion of the blood
interstitial fluid- the fluid between the cells
other ECF is in the lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, eye humors, synovial fluid, serous fluid, and gastrointestinal secretions

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21
Q

water is the universal

A

solvent

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22
Q

solutes are broadly classified into

A

electrolytes and non electrolytes

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23
Q

composition of body fluids: electrolytes

A

inorganic salts, all acids and bases, and some proteins.

inorganic compounds that break into ions when dissolved into water
have greater osmotic power than non electrolytes

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24
Q

composition of body fluids: nonelectrolytes

A

glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea

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25
water moves according to
osmotic gradients
26
extracellular fluids | cation and anions
are similar (except for the high protein content of plasma) sodium is the chief cation chloride is the chief anion
27
intracellular fluids | cations and anions
have low sodium and chloride potassium is the chief cation phosphate is the chief anion
28
proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and neural fats account for
90% of the mass of solutes in plasma 60% of mass of solutes in IF 97% of the mass of solutes in intracellular compartment
29
fluid movement among compartments: compartmental exchange
compartmental exchange is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures net leakage of fluid from the blood is picked up by lymphatic vessels and returned to the blood stream exchanges between interstitial (extracellular) and intracellular fluids are complex due to the selectively permeable cellular membrane
30
electrolytes are salts, acids and bases but electrolyte balance usually refers only to salt balance. salts are important for
neuromuscular excitability secretory activity membrane permeability control of fluid movement
31
salts enter the body through ingestion and are lost through
perspiration, feces, and urine
32
sodium
1. holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance 2. single most abundant cation in the ECF 3. only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure 4. regulation of sodium balance by ANP and aldosterone
33
Aldosterone and sodium
reabsorbs Na+ and secretes K+ | increases blood pressure and sodium/water retention
34
ANP and sodium
secretes Na+ and reabsorbs K+ | reduces BP by inhibiting vasoconstriction and inhibiting sodium and water retention
35
potassium
chief intracellular ion | has key role in establishing the membrane potential and repolarizing neurons and skeletal muscle
36
aldosterone increase and potassium
increased potassium in the urine because aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+
37
sodium reabsorption | % and where
65% reabsorbed in the PCT 25% reabsorbed in the LOH aldosterone release is the last 10%
38
ADH increases the number of
aquaporins and increases the water amount
39
ionic calcium in the ECF is important for
blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, and secretory behavior
40
calcium balance is controlled by
PTH and calcitonin pth takes calcium from the bones reabsorbed in the blood and PO34 is secreted calcitionin deposits calcium in the bones
41
phosphate
filtered phosphate is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubules in the absence of PTH, phosphate reabsorption is regulated by its transport maximum and excesses are excreted in the urine
42
regulation of anions
chloride is the major anion accompanying sodium in the ECF 99% of chloride is reabsorbed under normal pH conditions other anions have transport maximums and excesses are excreted in the urine
43
normal pH of body fluids
arterial blood is 7.4 venous blood is 7. 35 intracellular fluid is 7.0
44
acid base balance: Alkalosis/alkalemia
when arterial blood pH rises above 7.45
45
acid base balance: acidosis/acidemia
when arterial blood pH drops below 7.35 | physiological acidosis
46
major homeostatic challenge is keeping the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of body fluids. the task of acid base balance is of critical importance to cellular proteins because of
possible denaturation due to pH changes
47
most hydrogen ions originate from cellular metabolism
1. breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into the ECF 2. Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid 3. fat metabolism yields organic acids and keytone bodies that can change the pH of blood and show in the urine 4. transporting CO2 as bicarbonate releases hydrogen ions
48
hydrogen ion regulation-the removal of H+ from body fluids and its subsequent elimination from the body depend on
1. chemical buffer systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems 2. physical buffers: exhalation of CO2, and kidney excretion of H+
49
bicarbonate buffer system
based on the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) potassium or magnesium bicarbonates work as well
50
if a strong acid is added to the bicarbonate buffer system
hydrogen ions are released and combine with the bicarbonate ions and form carbonic acid- a weak acid. the pH of the solution decreases only slightly
51
if a strong base is added to the bicarbonate buffer system
it reacts with carbonic acid to form sodium bicarbonate- a weak base and the pH of the solution rises only slightly
52
the bicarbonate buffer system is the only important
extracellular fluid buffer system
53
phosphate buffer system
nearly identical to the bicarbonate buffer system but has a higher conc intracellular effective buffer in urine and intracellular fluid
54
components of the phosphate buffer system
``` sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4), a weak acid monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) a weak base ```
55
protein buffer system: plasma and intracellular buffers
plasma and intracellular buffers are the bodies most plentiful and powerful buffers 1. plasma-albumin 2. hemoglobin-intracellular protein, picks up H+ when rel O2
56
protein buffer system: amino acids
made of 2 main functional groups 1. COOH (carboxyl group) which can release H+ to lower the pH (more acidic) 2. NH2 (amino group) that can pick up a H+ to increase the pH and make it more alkaline
57
physiological buffer system: exhalation of carbon dioxide
there is a reversible equilibrium between dissolved carbon dioxide and water carbonic acid and hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
58
during carbon dioxide unloading
hydrogen ions are incorporated into water
59
respiratory acidosis
when hypercapnia or rising plasma H+ occurs 1. deeper and more rapid breathing expels more carbon dioxide 2. hydrogen ion concentration is reduced
60
respiratory alkalosis
causes slower more shallow breathing causing H+ to increase
61
renal mechanisms are needed because
only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids, and keytones) to prevent metabolic acidosis the ultimate acid-base regulation organs are the kidneys
62
the most important renal mechanisms for regulating acid base balance are
1. conserving (reabsorbing) or generating new bicarbonate ions 2. excreting bicarbonate ions 3. hydrogen ion secretion that occurs in the PCT and in type A intercalated cells
63
losing a bicarbonate ion is the same as
gaining a hydrogen ion
64
reabsorbing a bicarbonate ion is the same as
losing a hydrogen ion
65
respiratory acidosis
most common cause of acid-base imbalance | occurs when a person breathes shallowly or gas exchange is hampered by diseases such as pneumonia, CF, or emphysema
66
respiratory alkalosis
most common result of hyperventilation
67
metabolic acidosis is the second most common cause of acid base imbalance
typical causes are the ingestion of too much alcohol, and excessive loss of bicarbonate ions other causes include accumulation of lactic acid, shock, ketosis, in diabetic crisis, starvation, and kidney failure
68
metabolic alkalosis
indicated by rising blood pH and bicarbonate levels typical causes are: vomiting of acid contents of the stomach, intake of excessive base like from the antacids, and constipation in which excessive bicarbonate is absorbed

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

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