reproductive study guide

Question 1

structure of the testes

Answer 1

surrounded by two tunics the vaginalis (derived from peritoneum) and the albugenia (fibrous capsule)
septa divide testes into 250-300 lobules each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells outside the tubules produce testosterone

Question 2

function of the testes

Answer 2

sperm production

Question 3

location of the testes

Answer 3

in the scrotum for temperature regulation
cremasteric muscle-can elevate or extend
dartos muscle- smooth muscle that wrinkles the scrotal skin

Question 4

structure of the penis

Answer 4

spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue (a spongy network of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and vascular spaces)

Question 5

corpus spongiosum

Answer 5

surrounds the urethra to keep it open and expands to form the glans and bulb

Question 6

corpus cavernosum

Answer 6

paired dorsal erectile bodies

Question 7

function of the penis

Answer 7

penetration

Question 8

epididymis

Answer 8

microvillia (sterocilia) absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm
non motile sperm enter, pass slowly through, and become motile
during ejac the epididymis contracts expelling sperm into vas deferens

Question 9

vas deferens and ejaculatory duct

Answer 9

propels sperm from epididymis to urethra

Question 10

urethra

Answer 10

conveys urine and semen at different times

3 regions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

Question 11

seminal vesicles

Answer 11

produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, and prostaglandins
70% of the volume semen
duct of seminal vesicle joins vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct

Question 12

prostate

Answer 12

secretes milky slightly acidic fluid
contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate specific antigen
plays a role in activation of sperm

Question 13

bulbourethral glands

Answer 13

prior to ejaculation, produces a thick, clear mucus that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

Question 14

sources of semen

Answer 14

mix of sperm and accessory gland secretions
contains nutrients (fructose) to protect and activate sperm and facilitate movement
clotting factors coagulate semen after ejaculation and then fibrinolysin liquefies it
2-5ml w 20-150 million sperm

Question 15

functions of semen

Answer 15

decreases viscosity of cervical mucus and stimulates reverse peristalsis of the uterus
antibiotic chemicals to destroy certain bacteria

Question 16

hormonal regulation of testicular function

Answer 16

hypothalamus relases gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
FSH makes spermatogenic cell receptive to testosterone
LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone

Question 17

testosterone is the final trigger for spermatogenesis

Answer 17

synth from cholesterol
prompts spermatogenesis
targets all accessory orgs; and deficiency leads to atrophy
is the basis of sex drive

Question 18

testosterone secondary sex characteristics

Answer 18

appearance of pubic, auxillary, and facial hair
enhanced growth of chest and deepening of the voice
skin thickens and becomes oily
bones grow and increase in density
skeletal muscles increase in size and mass

Question 19

structure of the ovaries

Answer 19

held in place by several ligaments
surrounded by a fibrous tunica albugenia
cortex: ovarian follicles
medulla: large blood vessels and nerves

Question 20

function of the ovaries

Answer 20

to hold the eggs

Question 21

fallopian tubes

Answer 21

ampulla_distal expansion with infundibulum near ovary; the usual site of fertilization.
ciliated fimbrae-infundibulum; creates currents to move the oocyte to the uterine tube with peristalsis
non cil cells nourish the sperm and oocyte

Question 22

uterus: cervix

Answer 22

narrow neck or outlet that projects into the vagina
cervical canal communicates with vagina via external os and uterine body via internal os
cervical glands secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during mid cycle

Question 23

uterus: wall

Answer 23

perimetrium: serous layer of visceral peritoneum
myometrium: interlacing layers of smooth muscle cells
endomytrium: mucosal lining

Question 24

endomytrium

Answer 24

stratum functionalis: shed during mens. due to spasms of arteries and changes in resp to hormone cycles
stratum basalis: forms new functionalis after menstruation and is unresponsive to hormones

Question 25

vagina

Answer 25

birth canal and organ of copulation fibroelastic adventitia smooth muscle muscularis stratified squamous mucosa with rugae that forms hymen

Question 26

what is the vulva

Answer 26

external genitalia

Question 27

external genitalia: mons pubis

Answer 27

fatty area overlying pubic symphysis

Question 28

labia majora

Answer 28

hair covered fatty skin folds

Question 29

labia minora

Answer 29

skin folds lying within the labia minora vestibule: recess between the labia minora vestibular glands: homologous to the bulbourethral glands; release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication

Question 30

clitoris

Answer 30

erectile tissue hooded by a prepuce | glans clitoris the exposed portion

Question 31

structure of the mammary glands

Answer 31

modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes areola: pigmented skin surrounding the nipple lobules: within the lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk milk lactiferous ducts: lactiferous sinuses open to the outside at the nipple

Question 32

menstrual phase

Answer 32

ovarian hormones at the lowest levels; stratum functionalis is being shed

Question 33

follicular phase

Answer 33

period of follicle growth day 1-14 follicle: immature oocyte surrounded by follicle cells (1 layer) and granulosa cells (when there is more than one layer present)

Question 34

primordial follicle

Answer 34

squamous like follicle cells and oocyte

Question 35

primary follicle

Answer 35

cuboidal or columnar cells and oocyte

Question 36

secondary follicle

Answer 36

two or more layers of granulosa cells and the oocyte

Question 37

late secondary follicle

Answer 37

contains the fluid filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum

Question 38

vesicular graafian follicle

Answer 38

fluid filled antrum forms, follicle bulges from ovary surface

Question 39

ovulation mid cycle

Answer 39

ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation 1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte which if fertilized results in fraternal twins

Question 40

luteal phase

Answer 40

days 14-28 ruptured follicle collapses granulosa cells and internal cells form a corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

Question 41

if no pregnancy the corpus luteum degenerates

Answer 41

into corpus albicans in 10 days

Question 42

if pregnancy then corpus luteum produces

Answer 42

hormones until placenta takes over at 3 months

Question 43

estrogen

Answer 43

promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary supports rapid growth at puberty induces secondary sex characteristics maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL and facilitates calcium uptake

Question 44

progesterone

Answer 44

works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle | during pregnancy: inhibits motility and prepares for lactation

Question 45

what is menopause

Answer 45

when menses have ceased for an entire year declining estrogen levels cause atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts irritability and depression in some hot flashes as skin bv undergo intense vasodilation gradual thinning of skin and bone loss increased total blood cholesterol and falling HDL

Question 46

a single sperm usually fertilizes the egg because of

Answer 46

upon entry of a sperm Ca2+ surges from the ER granules release enzymes that destroy sperm receptors spilled fluid binds water and swells detaching other sperm (a slow block to polyspermy)

Question 47

fertilization

Answer 47

when a sperm penetrates an egg

Question 48

implantation

Answer 48

blastocyst floats for 2-3 days implantation begins 6-7 days after ovulation the implanted blastocyst is covered over by endometrial cells implantation is completed by the 12th day after ovulation

Question 49

placenta functions

Answer 49

formation of the placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues

Question 50

embryonic tissues

Answer 50

mesoderm cells develop from the inner cell mass

Question 51

maternal tissues

Answer 51

``` decidua basalis (stratum functionalis) develops blood filled lacunae vascularized by umbilical arteries and veins ```

Question 52

placenta is fully formed and function by

Answer 52

the end of the third month