Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy&Physiology 2 > heart > Flashcards

heart Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

location of the heart

A

mediastinum
superior surface of the diaphragm
left of the midline
anterior to vertebral column, posterior to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

covering of the heart

A

pericardium
a double walled sac surrounding the heart
superficial fibrous pericardium
deep 2 layer serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

superficial fibrous pericardium

A

tough dense CT that protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures and prevents heart overflow with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

serous pericardium

A

parietal layer: lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium; attached at superior margin to large arteries exiting the heart

visceral layer or epicardium lines the external surface of the heart; an integral part of the heart wall

allows heart to work in a friction free environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

integral part of the heart wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

myocardium

A

muscle heart/cardiac musc
forms the bulk of the heart and contracts
musc cells connected to eachother by criss crossing CT fibers and arranged in spiral or circular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

part of myocardium
network of collagen and elastin
reinforces the myocardium
anchors cardiac muscle fibers
supports where the great vessels leave the heart
not electrically excitable-limits spread of AP
acts as a tendon and insertion that gives cells something to exert force against (support)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endocardium

A

inside the heart
squamous epithelium layer
continuous with endothelial linings of the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

path of blood through the heart

A 
coronary sinus+IVC+SVC
right atrium
tricuspid AV
right ventricle
pulmonary SL
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary veins
Left atrium
bicuspid AV
left ventricle
Aortic SL
aorta
body systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ventricles

A

discharging chambers of the heart
walls marked by papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae muscles
R&L ventricle separated by the interventricular septum

R ventricle- pumps blood into pulmonary trunk and its wall is nearly flattened

L ventricle- pumps blood into aorta its wall is 3 X as thick, nearly a circular cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the left ventricular wall is thicker because

A

it has to push blood against a greater resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

atria

A

receiving chambers of the heart
each has a protruding auricle -little ear flap to increase atrial volume
atrial walls marked by pectinate muscles

blood enters right atria from superior/inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

blood enters the left atria from the pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side of the heart
receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues
takes blood in pulm arteries to the lungs to pick up o2 and release co2

short low pressure circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side of the heart
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins
takes blood to all parts of the body accept alveoli to supply nutrients and oxygen
long pathway and encounters 5X more resistance to blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heart valves are to ensure

A

unidirectional blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

between the atria and ventricles
prevent backflow of blood into aorta when ventricles are contracting
anchored to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae to prevent valve reversion during ventricular systole

blood flows down when atrial pressure increases so valves open.
papillary muscles relax during diastole

tricuspid: bt right atria and ventricle
Bicuspid: bt left atria and ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

atrioventricular valves compared to

A

right side up umbrella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

semilunar valves

A

moon shaped cusps attached to artery wall
open when ventricular pressure increases and exceeds pressure in arteries-blood is then ejected into aorta and pulmonary trunk

cusps close when ventricles relax and blood flows back to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

semilunar valves compared to

A

upsidedown umbrella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

coronary circulation

A

shortest circulation

the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself

collateral routes (anastomoses) ensure blood delivery to heart even if major blood vessels are blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cardiac muscle cells

microscopic anatomy

A

short, striated, fat, branching, uninucleate, interconnected

connective tissue endomysium acts as both a tendon and insertion

intercalated disks anchor cells together and allow free passage of ions

behaves as a functional syncytium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

myofibrils in 2 interlocking cardiac muscle cells are firmly anchored to the membrane at the

A

intercalated disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

intrinsic conduction system of the heart

A

autorhythmic cells
intitiate action potentials
have unstable resting potentials called pace maker potentials
use calcium influx rather than sodium for rising phase of the AP

self excitable and can initiate their own depolarization and that of the rest of the heart in a spontaneous and rhythmic way

make up 1% of cardiac tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
autorhythmic cells are found in
``` SA node AV node AV bundle R/L bundle branches ventricular walls PJ fibers ```
26
sequence of excitation
SA node-AV node-AV bundle of HIS-bundle branches-purkinje fibers-conduction myofibers
27
SA node | sinoatrial
generates impulse about 75 times a min no sarcomere, just forming AP responsible for initiation and pace of heart beat happens when enough Na+ and Ca++ leak into cells of SA node to reverse resting potentials (Na takes to thresh, Ca forms AP_ pacemaker potential propagates through both atria by gap junx both atria contract pumps blood to ventricles
28
AV node | atrioventricular
autorhythmic rely on SA loc in spetum bt lower RA+LV delays the impulse about .1 sec to allow ventricles to fill av fires impulse passes form atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of HIS) av bundle splits in 2 in the interventricular septum (R/L bundle branches) bundle branches carry the impulse towards the apex of the heart purkinje fibers carry impulse to apex and ventricular walls keeps papillary muscles contracted and AV valves closed ventricles contract
29
heartbeat
slow Ca++ gates open ER releases more Ca++ Ca++ moves into the muscle plateau phase Ca++ inward flow and K+ outward flow decreases rapid repolarization muscle tension increases-providing sustained contraction needed to eject blood from the heart K+ moves out fast-quick repolarization goes to autorhytmic cells
30
ECG/EKG
graphic record of heart activity composite of all action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time has 3 distinguishable waves P QRS T
31
P wave
atria depolarize | approximately .1 second after P wave begins atria contract
32
QRS wave
results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricle contraction has complicated shape bc the paths of depol waves through ventricular walls change continuously, producing corresponding changes in current direction
33
T wave
ventricle repolarization potassium comes out repol is slower than depol so the T wave is more spread out and has a lower amplitude than the QRS wave
34
extrinsic innervation of the heart
heart is stimulated by: sympathetic cardio acceleratory center thru sympathetic NRE ganglion heart is inhibited by: parasympathetic cardio inhibitory center thru vagus ACH nerve X brain cant say start/stop to the heart, can only change the rhythm
35
heart sounds are associated with
closing of the heart valves
36
first heart sound (lub) occurs
as AV valves close | signifies the beginning of systole
37
second heart sound (dub) occurs
when SL valves close | the beginning of ventricular diastole
38
heart murmur
abnormal heart sounds
39
steps 1 of cardiac cycle | ventricular filling
AV valves are open, atrial Depol SL valves closed ventricular volume increases heart is at rest blood is filling the ventricles
40
step 2 of cardiac cycle | Isometric systole
AV valves are closed SL valves are closed ventricular volume is constant ventricular pressure increases 135mL in each vent before they contract
41
step 3 of cardiac cycle | ventricular ejection
AV valves are closed SL valves are open ventricular volume decreases with pressure about 70 mL is ejected
42
step 4 of cardiac cycle | isovolumetric relaxation
AV valves are closed SL valves are closed ventricular volume is constant ventricle is in diastole about 65mL left in each ventricle
43
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute CO=heart rate (bpm) X Stroke volume
44
stroke volume
blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat about 70mL/beat correlated with the force of ventricular contraction
45
all blood circulates the body in
1 minute
46
cardiac reserve
the difference between pumped blood and what could be pumped work the heart is able to perform beyond that required of it under ordinary circumstances between resting and maximal cardiac output
47
cardiac reserve of non athletic people
4-5X the resting cardiac output | 20-25L/min
48
cardiac reserve of athletes
7 times resting cardiac out put up to 35L/min
49
fran starling law of the heart
preload or degree of stretch is the critical factor in controlling stroke volume more stretch from slow heart beat and exercise increase stroke volume too much stretch from blood loss and rapid heart beat decrease SV because there is not enough time to fill
50
ventricle filling is a function of
venous pressure
51
contractility is the increase in contractile strength independent of
stretch and EDV
52
increase in contractility comes from
increased sympathetic stimuli certain hormones (glucagon/thyroid hormone) Ca++, epinephrine, NRE
53
agents that decrease contractility
acidosis increased extracellular K+ calcium channel blockers
54
because the heart is a double pump
each side can fail independently of eachother
55
pulmonary congestion/pulmonary edema
left ventricular failure right ventricle pumps more increase in pressure in lungs less gas exchange
56
peripheral congestion/systemic edema
Right ventricular failure left ventricle pumps more increased pressure in systemic arteries more fluid stays behind impairing vision and causing extremities to swell
57
angina pectoris
chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease heart muscle does not get as much blood as it needs ischemia
58
endocarditis
inflammation of endocardium and heart valves
59
arrhytmias | fibrillation
rapid irregular or out of phase contractions control of rhythm taken away from SA by other regions
60
arrhythmias | junctional rhythm
Cardiac rhythms arising from the atrioventricular (AV) junction occur as an automatic tachycardia or as an escape mechanism during periods of bradycardia
61
arrhythmias | heart block
damage to AV node interferes with electrical communication between atria and ventricle ventricle depol at 30 times per min
62
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
parts of heart become thickened making it hard to contract and relax
63
congestive heart failure
heart fails to pump enough blood to body

Anatomy&Physiology 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions